A Review of the Use of Health Status Measures in Economic Evaluation

Objective: To review the use of measures of health status in the assessment of benefits in economic evaluation, whether or not the measures were designed for this purpose. Methods: The review was based on a systematic search of the literature. It provides a comprehensive assessment of the evidence where it exists and a balanced overview of opinion otherwise. Results: Over 3000 papers were identified, of which 632 were found to be relevant. The review provides a set of recommendations. These include: a checklist of questions for selecting a measure for use in economic evaluation; a list of circumstances in which non-preference-based measures can be used; and recommendations surrounding the use of health state valuation techniques and multi-attribute utility scales. Conclusion: These recommendations should help to identify poor economic evaluations and hence guard against inefficient conclusions being drawn regarding the provision of health services.

[1]  D. Walsh,et al.  Quality of life assessment in advanced cancer , 1996, Current oncology reports.

[2]  R. McLeod,et al.  Quality of life, nutritional status and gastrointestinal hormone profile following the Whipple procedure. , 1999, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[3]  John Brazier,et al.  A review of the use of health status measures in economic evaluation. , 1999, Health technology assessment.

[4]  J. Brazier,et al.  Deriving a preference-based single index from the UK SF-36 Health Survey. , 1998, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[5]  J. R. Bult,et al.  Heterogeneity in the relationship between the time tradeoff and Short Form-36 for HIV-infected and primary care patients. , 1998, Medical care.

[6]  G. Hawthorne,et al.  The Australian Quality of Life (AQOL) instrument: psychometric properties of the descriptive system and initial validation , 1998 .

[7]  B. Rittenhouse,et al.  Healthy Years Equivalents Versus Time Trade-off: Ambiguity on Certainty and Uncertainty , 1997, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[8]  P. Dolan,et al.  Valuing health status using VAS and TTO: what lies behind the numbers? , 1997, Social science & medicine.

[9]  T. Wilkinson,et al.  The response to treatment of subclinical thiamine deficiency in the elderly. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[10]  J. Fries,et al.  "Arthritis specific" global health analog scales assess "generic" health related quality-of-life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. , 1997, The Journal of rheumatology.

[11]  M K Goldstein,et al.  Measurement of the validity of utility elicitations performed by computerized interview. , 1997, Medical care.

[12]  D. Heisey,et al.  MR and conventional angiography: work in progress toward assessing utility in radiology. , 1997, Academic radiology.

[13]  I. Hickie,et al.  Intravenous immunoglobulin is ineffective in the treatment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. , 1997, The American journal of medicine.

[14]  D. Fryback,et al.  Dollars May Not Buy as Many QALYs as We Think: , 1997, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[15]  C. Schmitt,et al.  Health-related quality of life after ileoanal pull-through evaluation and assessment of new health status measures. , 1997, Gastroenterology.

[16]  L. Lenert,et al.  Incorporating Risk Attitude into Markov-process Decision Models: , 1997, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[17]  H. Northcott,et al.  Quality of life of individuals with end stage renal disease: perceptions of patients, nurses, and physicians. , 1997, ANNA journal.

[18]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Regional patterns of disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy: Global Burden of Disease Study , 1997, The Lancet.

[19]  P. Dolan,et al.  Mapping visual analogue scale health state valuations onto standard gamble and time trade-off values. , 1997, Social science & medicine.

[20]  A. Martini,et al.  Long-term health outcomes and quality of life in American and Italian inception cohorts of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. I. Outcome status. , 1997, The Journal of rheumatology.

[21]  P. Kind,et al.  Measuring health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: validity, responsiveness and reliability of EuroQol (EQ-5D). , 1997, British journal of rheumatology.

[22]  D. Glass,et al.  Long-term health outcomes and quality of life in American and Italian inception cohorts of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. II. Early predictors of outcome. , 1997, The Journal of rheumatology.

[23]  M Johannesson,et al.  An Experimental Test of a Theoretical Foundation for Rating-scale Valuations , 1997, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[24]  M. Johannesson,et al.  Standard gamble, time trade-off and rating scale: experimental results on the ranking properties of QALYs. , 1997, Journal of health economics.

[25]  J. Hayman,et al.  Patient preferences concerning the trade-off between the risks and benefits of routine radiation therapy after conservative surgery for early-stage breast cancer. , 1997, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[26]  M. Kuppermann,et al.  Can Preference Scores for Discrete States Be Used to Derive Preference Scores for an Entire Path of Events? , 1997, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[27]  A. Molzahn,et al.  Quality of life of candidates for and recipients of heart transplants. , 1997, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[28]  D. Matchar,et al.  Treatment considerations for persons with metastatic prostate cancer: survival versus out-of-pocket costs. , 1997, Urology.

[29]  M. Johannesson,et al.  The impact of hormone replacement therapy on quality of life and willingness to pay , 1996, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[30]  J. L. Prades IS THE PERSON TRADE-OFF A VALID METHOD FOR ALLOCATING HEALTH CARE RESOURCES , 1997 .

[31]  Leslie Lenert,et al.  Jamia Original Investigations Automated Computer Interviews to Elicit Utilities: Potential Applications in the Treatment of Deep Venous Thrombosis , 2022 .

[32]  F. Bethoux,et al.  Quality of life of the spouses of stroke patients: a preliminary study , 1996, International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation.

[33]  R. Klein,et al.  Health status and hypertension: a population-based study. , 1996, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[34]  R. Sesso,et al.  Late diagnosis of chronic renal failure and the quality of life during dialysis treatment. , 1996, Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas.

[35]  R. Bourne,et al.  What Is the Best Way of Assessing Outcome After Total Knee Replacement? , 1996, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[36]  D L Riddle,et al.  Health status measures: strategies and analytic methods for assessing change scores. , 1996, Physical therapy.

[37]  B J Cohen,et al.  Assigning Values to Intermediate Health States for Cost-Utility Analysis , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[38]  J. Cohen,et al.  Preferences, needs and QALYs. , 1996, Journal of medical ethics.

[39]  B. Gage,et al.  The Effect of Stroke and Stroke Prophylaxis With Aspirin or Warfarin on Quality of Life , 1996 .

[40]  K. Goa,et al.  Streptokinase. A pharmacoeconomic appraisal of its use in the management of acute myocardial infarction. , 1996, PharmacoEconomics.

[41]  J. Scott,et al.  Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[42]  J. Bosch,et al.  The Relationship between Descriptive and Valuational Quality-of-life Measures in Patients with Intermittent Claudication , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[43]  J. R. Bult,et al.  Heterogeneity in the Relationship between the Standard-gamble Utility Measure and Health-status Dimensions , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[44]  C D Naylor,et al.  Using a Trade-off Technique to Assess Patients' Treatment Preferences for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[45]  A. Detsky,et al.  Preferences for home vs hospital care among low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. , 1996, Archives of internal medicine.

[46]  J. Vlaeyen,et al.  Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. I. Clinical effects. , 1996, The Journal of rheumatology.

[47]  D. Feeny,et al.  Multiattribute utility function for a comprehensive health status classification system. Health Utilities Index Mark 2. , 1996, Medical care.

[48]  M. Johannesson,et al.  Outcome measurement in economic evaluation. , 1996, Health economics.

[49]  J. de Haes,et al.  Tradeoffs between Quality and Quantity of Life , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[50]  G. Thibault,et al.  Angina Patients' Ratings of Current Health and Health without Angina , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[51]  P. Shackley,et al.  Decision Making with Respect to Diagnostic Testing , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[52]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Individual Utilities Are Inconsistent with Rationing Choices , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[53]  D. Revicki,et al.  Preferences for schizophrenia‐related health states: a comparison of patients, caregivers and psychiatrists , 1996, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[54]  A. Laupacis,et al.  A study of the quality of life and cost-utility of renal transplantation. , 1996, Kidney international.

[55]  P. Dolan,et al.  The effect of experience of illness on health state valuations. , 1996, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[56]  J. Gerlach,et al.  Subjective experience of treatment, side‐effects, mental state and quality of life in chronic schizophrenic out‐patients treated with depot neuroleptics , 1996, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[57]  J. Cairns,et al.  Evaluating the benefits of antenatal screening: an alternative approach. , 1996, Health policy.

[58]  P. Dolan,et al.  Valuing health states: a comparison of methods. , 1996, Journal of health economics.

[59]  G. Bonsel,et al.  On the Equivalence of Collectively and Individually Collected Responses , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[60]  A M Stiggelbout,et al.  The ‘Utility’ of the Visual Analog Scale in Medical Decision Making and Technology Assessment: Is It an Alternative to the Time Trade-off? , 1996, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[61]  P. Dolan,et al.  The time trade-off method: results from a general population study. , 1996, Health economics.

[62]  M. Sculpher,et al.  Randomised trial comparing hysterectomy and transcervical endometrial resection: effect on health related quality of life and costs two years after surgery , 1996, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[63]  R. Galland,et al.  Quality of life following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for claudication. , 1996, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[64]  M. Gold,et al.  Assessing the health of the nation. The predictive validity of a preference-based measure and self-rated health. , 1996, Medical care.

[65]  Graham Nichol,et al.  The Relationship between Cardiac Functional Capacity and Patients' Symptom-specific Utilities for Angina , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[66]  P. Dolan,et al.  Inconsistency and health state valuations. , 1996, Social science & medicine.

[67]  T. Bezembinder,et al.  Proportional Heuristics in Time Tradeoff and Conjoint Measurement , 1996, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[68]  T. Ruddy,et al.  Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Essential Hypertension Results of 6 Month Treatment with Indapamide , 1995 .

[69]  Weeks Jc Taking quality of life into account in health economic analyses. , 1996 .

[70]  F. Ziegler Cost-utility in CNS drug trials , 1996, European Psychiatry.

[71]  T A Sheldon,et al.  Problems of using modelling in the economic evaluation of health care. , 1996, Health economics.

[72]  G. L. Engel,et al.  Comparison before and after transplantation of pancreas-kidney and pancreas-kidney with loss of pancreas--a prospective controlled quality of life study. , 1996, Transplantation.

[73]  M C Weinstein,et al.  Health values of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Relationship to mental health and physical functioning. , 1996, Medical care.

[74]  C. Palmer,et al.  Quality-of-life improvement compared after hip and knee replacement. , 1996, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[75]  R. Villar,et al.  Obesity and quality of life after primary hip arthroplasty. , 1996, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[76]  L. Goldman,et al.  Health Values of the Seriously Ill , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[77]  B. Kiberd,et al.  Screening to prevent renal failure in insulin dependent diabetic patients: an economic evaluation , 1995, BMJ.

[78]  M Johannesson,et al.  The Ranking Properties of Healthy-Years Equivalents and Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Under Certainty and Uncertainty , 1995, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[79]  G. Raghu,et al.  The cost-effectiveness of lung transplantation. A pilot study. University of Washington Medical Center Lung Transplant Study Group. , 1995, Chest.

[80]  T M Gill,et al.  Quality of Life Assessment: Values and Pitfalls , 1995, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[81]  A. Wimo,et al.  Cost-Utility Analysis of Group Living in Dementia Care , 1995, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[82]  R. Califf,et al.  Stroke after thrombolysis. Mortality and functional outcomes in the GUSTO-I trial. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries. , 1995, Circulation.

[83]  Graham Loomes,et al.  Risk–risk versus standard gamble procedures for measuring health state utilities , 1995 .

[84]  R. Scheela Remodeling as metaphor: sex offenders' perceptions of the treatment process. , 1995, Issues in mental health nursing.

[85]  J. Collin,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic versus open repair of inguinal hernia: early results , 1995, BMJ.

[86]  S. Otis,et al.  Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms during lower extremity arterial evaluation in the vascular laboratory. , 1995, Journal of vascular surgery.

[87]  A. Lok Does interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B reduce the risks of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma? , 1995, Hepatology.

[88]  K. Gournay,et al.  The community psychiatric nurse in primary care: an economic analysis. , 1995, Journal of advanced nursing.

[89]  J D Habbema,et al.  The "utility" of the Time Trade-Off method in cancer patients: feasibility and proportional Trade-Off. , 1995, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[90]  G. Watkin,et al.  Critical limb ischaemia in patients over 80 years of age: Options in a district general hospital , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[91]  H. M. van der Ploeg,et al.  Preconditions for Sensitivity in Measuring Change: Visual Analogue Scales Compared to Rating Scales in a Likert Format , 1995, Psychological reports.

[92]  G. Whiteneck,et al.  Self-managed versus agency-provided personal assistance care for individuals with high level tetraplegia. , 1995, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[93]  Paul Kind,et al.  A social tariff for EuroQol: results from a UK general population survey , 1995 .

[94]  D. Patrick,et al.  Comparing the Performance of Health Status Measures for Healthy Older Adults , 1995, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[95]  G. Raghu,et al.  Improvement in quality of life after lung transplantation: a preliminary study. The University of Washington Medical Center Lung Transplant Study Group. , 1995, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[96]  J. Habbema,et al.  Patient participation in clinical decision-making for treatment of T3 laryngeal cancer: a comparison of state and process utilities. , 1995, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[97]  A. Hagenbeek,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of ABMT in comparison with CHOP chemotherapy in patients with intermediate- and high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). , 1995, Bone marrow transplantation.

[98]  C. Williams,et al.  European School of Oncology Advisory report to the Commission of the European Communities for the "Europe Against Cancer Programme" cost-effectiveness in cancer care. , 1995, European journal of cancer.

[99]  Maureen,et al.  Methodological Issues of Patient Utility Measurement Experience From Two Clinical Trials , 1995, Medical care.

[100]  E. Nord The Person-trade-off Approach to Valuing Health Care Programs , 1995, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[101]  H. Troidl,et al.  Long-term functional results and quality of life after colon interposition for long-gap oesophageal atresia. , 1995, European journal of pediatric surgery : official journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [et al] = Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie.

[102]  P. Hecht,et al.  Osteomyelitis in feet of diabetics: clinical accuracy, surgical utility, and cost-effectiveness of MR imaging. , 1995, Radiology.

[103]  K. Buckingham Economics, health and health economics: HYEs versus QALYs--a response. , 1995, Journal of health economics.

[104]  T R Bowe Measuring Patient Preferences , 1995, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[105]  P. Hujoel,et al.  Definitive vs. Exploratory Periodontal Trials: A Survey of Published Studies , 1995, Journal of dental research.

[106]  B. Daiker Managed Care in Workers' Compensation , 1995, AAOHN journal : official journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses.

[107]  S. van der Linden,et al.  Patient utilities in fibromyalgia and the association with other outcome measures. , 1995, The Journal of rheumatology.

[108]  G. Hallock,et al.  Microsurgical transfer of vascularized tissue to close problem wounds. , 1995, AORN journal.

[109]  P. Dolan,et al.  Time preference, duration and health state valuations. , 1995, Health economics.

[110]  L. Vanrijswijk Frequency of reassessment of pressure ulcers. , 1995 .

[111]  B. Housset,et al.  Use of the polymerase chain reaction technique on induced-sputum samples for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. A clinical and cost-analysis study. , 1995, American journal of clinical pathology.

[112]  R. Lepoff Academic medical centers and managed care. , 1995, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[113]  S. Dixon,et al.  The use of condition specific outcome measures in economic appraisal. , 1995, Health economics.

[114]  G. Torrance,et al.  An interview on utility measurement. Interview by Bernie O'Brien. , 1995, The Journal of rheumatology.

[115]  W. Kiernan,et al.  A peaceful coexistence? State MR/DD agency trends in integrated employment and facility-based services. , 1995, Mental retardation.

[116]  E. van Doorslaer,et al.  Comparison of performance of four instruments in evaluating the effects of salmeterol on asthma quality of life. , 1995, The European respiratory journal.

[117]  S. van der Linden,et al.  Health related utility measurement: an introduction. , 1995, The Journal of rheumatology.

[118]  N. Ravald,et al.  Costs of periodontal and prosthodontic treatment and evaluation of oral health in patients after treatment of advanced periodontal disease. , 1995, Community dentistry and oral epidemiology.

[119]  J. Merrick,et al.  Critically ill newborns and the law. The American experience. , 1995, The Journal of legal medicine.

[120]  J. Deprest,et al.  Laparoscopic hysterectomy: does it work?: a bicontinental review of the literature and clinical commentary. , 1995, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[121]  K. Hillman,et al.  The Use of “Quality-Adjusted Life Years” (QALYs) to Evaluate Treatment in Intensive Care , 1995, Anaesthesia and intensive care.

[122]  D. Fairclough,et al.  Comparison of Time-tradeoff Utilities and Rating Scale Values of Cancer Patients and Their Relatives , 1995, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[123]  B. Rozell,et al.  Supplemental Staffing: Nurse Manager Views of Costs, Benefits, and Quality of Care , 1995, The Journal of nursing administration.

[124]  A. Stiggelbout,et al.  Explaining Distortions in Utility Elicitation through the Rank-dependent Model for Risky Choices , 1995, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[125]  Erry,et al.  Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[126]  B. Littenberg,et al.  Assessing the preferences of patients with psoriasis. A quantitative, utility approach. , 1995, Archives of dermatology.

[127]  Graham Loomes,et al.  The myth of the HYE , 1995 .

[128]  Sweet Le Vaccine utilization study: Prince Edward Island , 1995 .

[129]  H. Bleichrodt QALYs and HYEs: Under what conditions are they equivalent? , 1995 .

[130]  F. Wolfe Health status questionnaires. , 1995, Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America.

[131]  D. Pelletier,et al.  A Profile of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in One Australian State , 1995, Clinical nurse specialist CNS.

[132]  M. Johannesson Quality-adjusted life-years versus healthy-years equivalents. , 1995, Journal of health economics.

[133]  R. Elvik The validity of using health state indexes in measuring the consequences of traffic injury for public health. , 1995, Social science & medicine.

[134]  Harold C. Sox,et al.  Variation in Patient Utilities for Outcomes of the Management of Chronic Stable Angina: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines , 1995 .

[135]  D. Pryor,et al.  Variation in patient utilities for outcomes of the management of chronic stable angina. Implications for clinical practice guidelines. Ischemic Heart Disease Patient Outcomes Research Team. , 1995, JAMA.

[136]  G. Bonsel,et al.  The Impact of Migraine on Health Status , 1995, Headache.

[137]  P. Keown,et al.  An introduction to utility measurement in health care. , 1995 .

[138]  D A Revicki,et al.  Change in clinical status, health status, and health utility outcomes in HIV-infected patients. , 1995, Medical care.

[139]  S Aro,et al.  Health and quality of life before and after hip or knee arthroplasty. , 1995, The Journal of arthroplasty.

[140]  S. Dirksen Search for meaning in long-term cancer survivors. , 1995, Journal of advanced nursing.

[141]  J. Rho,et al.  The Cost of Inappropriate Use of Anti-Infective Agents in Older Patients , 1995, Drugs & aging.

[142]  P. Dolan,et al.  The effect of past and present illness experience on the valuations of health states. , 1995, Medical care.

[143]  R. Magotti,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of managing abortions: manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) compared to evacuation by curettage in Tanzania. , 1995, East African medical journal.

[144]  T. Ganiats,et al.  Comparing the quality-adjusted life-year output of two treatment arms in a randomized trial. , 1995, Medical care.

[145]  P. Kind,et al.  Quality of Life in Liaison Psychiatry , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[146]  Alan Williams,et al.  The role of the Euroqol instrument in QALY calculations , 1995 .

[147]  J. Persson,et al.  Cost-Utility Analysis of Assistive Technologies in the European Commission's Tide Program , 1995, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[148]  P. Kind,et al.  Modelling the cost‐effectiveness of the prophylactic use of SSRIs in the treatment of depression , 1995, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[149]  M. Domanski,et al.  Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID)--rationale, design, and methods. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[150]  R. Horner,et al.  Benefit-cost analysis of community residential versus institutional services for adults with severe mental retardation and challenging behaviors. , 1995, American journal of mental retardation : AJMR.

[151]  A. Gafni,et al.  Preferences for outcomes in economic evaluation: an economic approach to addressing economic problems. , 1995, Social science & medicine.

[152]  R M Kaplan,et al.  Validity of the Quality of Well-Being Scale for Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection , 1995, Psychosomatic medicine.

[153]  J. Lonnqvist,et al.  Moclobemide and fluoxetine in the prevention of relapses following acute treatment of depression , 1995, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[154]  M. Johannesson Qalys: A comment , 1995 .

[155]  R. Galland,et al.  The use of a simple clinical cardiac risk index predictive of long-term outcome after infrarenal aortic reconstruction. , 1995, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[156]  C Whittenburg A program proposal for new technology assessment. , 1995, AORN journal.

[157]  D. Datta,et al.  Surgery for limb threatening ischaemia: a reappraisal of the costs and benefits. , 1995, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[158]  R. Pennie,et al.  Reliability and validity of measures used to elicit health expectations, values, tradeoffs and intentions to be immunized for hepatitis B. , 1995, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[159]  D. Newbold,et al.  A brief description of the methods of economic appraisal and the valuation of health states. , 1995, Journal of advanced nursing.

[160]  J. Lave,et al.  Home oxygen therapy. A comparison of 2- vs 6-month patient reevaluation. , 1995, Chest.

[161]  F. K. Ennever,et al.  PARENT PREFERENCES AND PRENATAL TESTING FOR NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS , 1995, Epidemiology.

[162]  R. Sanson-Fisher,et al.  Effectiveness of two direct-mail strategies to encourage women to have cervical (Pap) smears , 1995 .

[163]  C. Wolfe,et al.  Is HIV testing in antenatal clinics worthwhile? Can we afford it? , 1995, AIDS care.

[164]  E. Irvine Quality of Life in inflammatory bowel disease: biases and other factors affecting scores. , 1995, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement.

[165]  G W Torrance,et al.  Multi-attribute preference functions. Health Utilities Index. , 1995, PharmacoEconomics.

[166]  T. Ryan,et al.  Coronary angioplasty versus bypass grafting. Cost-benefit considerations. , 1995, The Medical clinics of North America.

[167]  M. Johannesson QALYs, HYEs and individual preferences--a graphical illustration. , 1994, Social science & medicine.

[168]  G. Bonsel,et al.  Test-retest reliability of health state valuations collected with the EuroQol questionnaire. , 1994, Social science & medicine.

[169]  M. Abdelnoor,et al.  Quality of Life After Open Heart Surgery , 1994 .

[170]  P. Glasziou,et al.  Quality of life six months after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy , 1994, The Medical journal of Australia.

[171]  M. Sullivan,et al.  Sexual adjustment after spinal cord injury-comparison of partner experiences in pre- and postinjury relationships , 1994, Paraplegia.

[172]  R. Bordley Making social trade-offs among lives, disabilities, and cost , 1994 .

[173]  M. Hyland Antiasthma drugs: quality-of-life rating scales and sensitivity to longitudinal change. , 1994, PharmacoEconomics.

[174]  M K Goldstein,et al.  Developing and Testing a Multimedia Presentation of a Health-state Description , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[175]  E P Steinberg,et al.  Comparison of the Rating Scale and the Standard Gamble in Measuring Patient Preferences for Outcomes of Gallstone Disease , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[176]  Douglas K. Owens,et al.  A Method for Estimating the Cost- Effectiveness of Incorporating Patient Preferences into Practice Guidelines , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[177]  R. Kaplan Value Judgment in the Oregon Medicaid Experiment , 1994, Medical care.

[178]  S G Pauker,et al.  Screening for prostate cancer. A decision analytic view. , 1994, JAMA.

[179]  S. Maxwell Valuation of rural environmental improvements using contingent valuation methodology: a case study of the Marston Vale Community Forest project , 1994 .

[180]  R. Kaplan Using quality of life information to set priorities in health policy , 1994 .

[181]  B. O'brien,et al.  Willingness to Pay , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[182]  J. Richardson,et al.  Cost utility analysis: what should be measured? , 1994, Social science & medicine.

[183]  C. Naylor,et al.  Can there be a more patient-centred approach to determining clinically important effect sizes for randomized treatment trials? , 1994, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[184]  H. Brown,et al.  Validity of Euroqol--a generic health status instrument--in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Economic and Health Outcomes Research Group. , 1994, British journal of rheumatology.

[185]  S. van der Linden,et al.  Patient utilities in ankylosing spondylitis and the association with other outcome measures. , 1994, The Journal of rheumatology.

[186]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Effects of offering advance directives on quality adjusted life expectancy and psychological well-being among ill adults. , 1994, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[187]  A Gafni,et al.  The standard gamble method: what is being measured and how it is interpreted. , 1994, Health services research.

[188]  J. Lonnqvist,et al.  Antidepressant efficacy and quality of life in depression: a double‐blind study with moclobemide and fluoxetine , 1994, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[189]  J. Richardson,et al.  Quality-adjusted life years: a reply. , 1994, Australian journal of public health.

[190]  C. Gudex,et al.  Lay people's evaluations of health: are there variations between different subgroups? , 1994, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[191]  J. Richardson,et al.  A cost utility analysis of treatment options for gallstone disease: methodological issues and results. , 1994, Health economics.

[192]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Effect of increasing doses of beta agonists on spirometric parameters, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic airflow limitation. , 1994, Thorax.

[193]  P. Erickson,et al.  The term "years of healthy life": misunderstood, defended, and challenged. A short term for "quality-adjusted life years". , 1994, American journal of public health.

[194]  P. Blankestijn,et al.  [Little difference in quality of life of dialysis patients in Utrecht and Willemstad]. , 1994, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.

[195]  T. Treasure,et al.  QUALITY-OF-LIFE AFTER CARDIAC-SURGERY IN PATIENTS OVER 70 YEARS OF AGE , 1994 .

[196]  M. Johannesson,et al.  A Note on QALYs, Time Tradeoff, and Discounting , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[197]  P. Dolan,et al.  Search for a critical appraisal of EuroQol: a response by the EuroQol group to Gafni and Birch. , 1994, Health policy.

[198]  F. D. de Charro,et al.  Measuring the quality of life before and after bilateral lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis. , 1994, Chest.

[199]  B. Griffith,et al.  Exercise, education, and quality of life in lung transplant candidates. , 1994, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[200]  D. Feeny,et al.  A multiattribute approach to health-status measurement and clinical management illustrated by an application to brain-tumors in childhood. , 1994, International journal of oncology.

[201]  W M O'Fallon,et al.  A cost-utility analysis of misoprostol prophylaxis for rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. , 1994, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[202]  E. Nord,et al.  The QALY--a measure of social value rather than individual utility? , 1994, Health economics.

[203]  J. de Haes,et al.  Utility Assessment in Cancer Patients , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[204]  C J Dougherty,et al.  Quality-adjusted life years and the ethical values of health care. , 1994, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[205]  M H Liang,et al.  Stability and responsiveness of utility measures. , 1994, Medical care.

[206]  K C Cain,et al.  Measuring Preferences for Health States Worse than Death , 1994, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[207]  S. van der Linden,et al.  Feasibility of utility assessment by rating scale and standard gamble in patients with ankylosing spondylitis or fibromyalgia. , 1994, The Journal of rheumatology.

[208]  C. Bulpitt,et al.  A comparison of three quality of life instruments in subjects with angina pectoris: the Sickness Impact Profile, the Nottingham Health Profile, and the Quality of Well Being Scale. , 1994, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[209]  C. Gudex,et al.  Measuring health status in the community: a comparison of methods. , 1994, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[210]  Measurement of Health-Related Quality of Life in the Economic Evaluation of Medicines , 1994 .

[211]  C. Sherbourne,et al.  The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. , 1994 .

[212]  Mph Joel Tsevat Methods for assessing health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients , 1994 .

[213]  P Hollingsworth-Fridlund,et al.  Functional limitation after major trauma: a more sensitive assessment using the Quality of Well-being scale--the trauma recovery pilot project. , 1994, The Journal of trauma.

[214]  J. Olsen Persons vs years: two ways of eliciting implicit weights. , 1994, Health economics.

[215]  P. Shakespeare,et al.  Measuring outcome in low-priority plastic surgery patients using Quality of Life indices. , 1994, British journal of plastic surgery.

[216]  A. Mcguire,et al.  The economic evaluation of depression. , 1994, Postgraduate medical journal.

[217]  C E Phelps,et al.  The value of diagnostic information to patients with suspected multiple sclerosis. Rochester-Toronto MRI Study Group. , 1994, Archives of neurology.

[218]  M. Cosio,et al.  Quality adjusted life years added by treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. , 1994, Sleep.

[219]  C. Donaldson,et al.  Economics of Health Care Financing: The Visible Hand , 1993, Economic Issues in Health Care.

[220]  D. Fryback QALYs, HYEs, and the Loss of Innocence , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[221]  E. Nord Toward Quality Assurance in QALY Calculations , 1993, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[222]  M. Shechter,et al.  Contingent Valuation of Supplemental Health Care in Israel , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[223]  A Gafni,et al.  Healthy-years Equivalents versus Quality-adjusted Life Years , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[224]  M. Dobson,et al.  Measuring utility values for QALYs: two methodological issues. , 1993, Health economics.

[225]  J. Fox-Rushby Appraising the use of contingent valuation: a note in response. , 1993, Health economics.

[226]  M. Johannesson,et al.  Are Healthy-years Equivalents an Improvement over Quality-adjusted Life Years? , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[227]  A Laupacis,et al.  The effect of elective total hip replacement on health-related quality of life. , 1993, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[228]  K. McPherson,et al.  Measuring the impact of menopausal symptoms on quality of life. , 1993, BMJ.

[229]  K. Buckingham,et al.  A note on HYE (healthy years equivalent) , 1993, Journal of health economics.

[230]  Anthony J. Culyer,et al.  QALYs versus HYEs , 1993 .

[231]  A. Mehrez,et al.  Economics, health and health economics: HYEs versus QALYs , 1993 .

[232]  G. Bonsel,et al.  Generalizability of valuations on health states collected with the EuroQolc-questionnaire. , 1993, Health economics.

[233]  D. Whynes,et al.  Convergent validity of two measures of the quality of life. , 1993, Health economics.

[234]  J. Rawles,et al.  Loss of quality adjusted days as a trial endpoint: effect of early thrombolytic treatment in suspected myocardial infarction. Grampion Region Early Anistreplase Trial (GREAT). , 1993, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[235]  J. Richardson,et al.  Social Evaluation of Health Care Versus Personal Evaluation of Health States: Evidence on the Validity of Four Health-state Scaling Instruments Using Norwegian and Australian Surveys , 1993, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[236]  N. Owen,et al.  Trial of an intervention to reduce chronic benzodiazepine use among residents of aged-care accommodation. , 1993, Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine.

[237]  R. Rosser,et al.  Good Quality Quality? Some Methodological Issues , 1993, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[238]  E. Nord The trade-off between severity of illness and treatment effect in cost-value analysis of health care. , 1993, Health policy.

[239]  D. Feeny,et al.  An assessment of global health status in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. , 1993, The American journal of pediatric hematology/oncology.

[240]  M. Drummond,et al.  Selection of End Points in Economic Evaluations of Coronary-heart-disease Interventions , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[241]  R. Rosser,et al.  Impact of diagnosis on utilities assigned to states of illness. , 1993, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[242]  D A Redelmeier,et al.  Time Preference in Medical Decision Making and Cost - Effectiveness Analysis , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[243]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Economic evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation soon after acute myocardial infarction , 1993 .

[244]  C. Gudex,et al.  Comparing scaling methods for health state valuations - Rosser revisited , 1993 .

[245]  M. Drummond,et al.  Cost-effectiveness league tables: more harm than good? , 1993, Social science & medicine.

[246]  A. Stiggelbout,et al.  Test-Retest Reliabilities of Two Treatment-preference Instruments in Measuring Utilities , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[247]  R. Klein,et al.  The Beaver Dam Health Outcomes study , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[248]  L Goldman,et al.  Stability of Time-tradeoff Utilities in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction , 1993, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[249]  D. Barer Assessment in rehabilitation , 1993 .

[250]  A. Bradlyn,et al.  An investigation of the validity of the quality of Well-Being Scale with pediatric oncology patients. , 1993, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[251]  R. Kaplan Application of a General Health Policy Model in the American Health Care Crisis , 1993, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[252]  F. Wolfe,et al.  Measurement of gold treatment effect in clinical practice: evidence for effectiveness of intramuscular gold therapy. , 1993, The Journal of rheumatology.

[253]  E. van Doorslaer,et al.  Health related utility measurement in rheumatology: an introduction. , 1993, Patient education and counseling.

[254]  D. Feeny,et al.  The comprehensive assessment of health status in survivors of childhood cancer: application to high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. , 1993, British Journal of Cancer.

[255]  L. Goldman,et al.  Influence of Age on Measurement of Health Status in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery , 1993 .

[256]  G. Mooney,et al.  QALY league tables: handle with care. , 1993, Health economics.

[257]  J. Olsen,et al.  On what basis should health be discounted? , 1993, Journal of health economics.

[258]  E. Nord Unjustified use of the Quality of Well-Being Scale in priority setting in Oregon. , 1993, Health policy.

[259]  A Gafni,et al.  Guidelines for the adoption of new technologies: a prescription for uncontrolled growth in expenditures and how to avoid the problem. , 1993, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[260]  H. Gurney,et al.  A cost‐utility approach to the use of 5‐fluorouracil and levamisole as adjuvant chemotherapy for Dukes’ C colonic carcinoma , 1993 .

[261]  M. Sculpher,et al.  An economic evaluation of transcervical endometrial resection versus abdominal hysterectomy for the treatment of menorrhagia , 1993 .

[262]  A. Gafni,et al.  Searching for a common currency: critical appraisal of the scientific basis underlying European harmonization of the measurement of health related quality of life (EuroQol) , 1993, Health policy.

[263]  D G Ferris,et al.  Measurement of subjective phenomena in primary care research: the Visual Analogue Scale. , 1993, Family practice research journal.

[264]  M. Drummond,et al.  Some guidelines on the use of cost effectiveness league tables. , 1993, BMJ.

[265]  Graham Loomes,et al.  THE VALUE OF PREVENTING NON-FATAL ROAD INJURIES: FINDINGS OF A WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY , 1993 .

[266]  Rachel Rosser,et al.  THE INDEX OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY-OF-LIFE (IHQL) - A NEW TOOL FOR AUDIT AND COST-PER-QALY ANALYSIS , 1993 .

[267]  J. Hall,et al.  Framing and labelling effects in health descriptions: quality adjusted life years for treatment of breast cancer. , 1993, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[268]  J. Pepper,et al.  Disability and distress following cardiac surgery in patients over 70 years of age. , 1993, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[269]  K. Markides,et al.  Physicians' ratings of health in middle and old age: a cautionary note. , 1993, Journal of gerontology.

[270]  R. Kaplan Quality of life assessment for cost/utility studies in cancer. , 1993, Cancer treatment reviews.

[271]  G. Higgins Discovering a patient's values for advance directives. , 1993, Humane medicine.

[272]  S. Gabriel,et al.  Patient preferences for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug related gastrointestinal complications and their prophylaxis. , 1993, The Journal of rheumatology.

[273]  L A Lenert,et al.  The side effects of antipsychotic drugs and patients' quality of life: patient education and preference assessment with computers and multimedia. , 1993, Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care.

[274]  K J Calfas,et al.  One-year evaluation of cognitive-behavioral intervention in osteoarthritis. , 1992, Arthritis care and research : the official journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association.

[275]  J. Rawles,et al.  Quality of life in the first 100 days after suspected acute myocardial infarction--a suitable trial endpoint? , 1992, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[276]  D. Spiegelhalter,et al.  Quality of life measures in health care. II: Design, analysis, and interpretation. , 1992, BMJ.

[277]  K. Tolley,et al.  An economic evaluation of home‐care assistance for AIDS patients: a pilot study in a town in northern Italy , 1992, AIDS.

[278]  M. French,et al.  A quality-of-life method for estimating the value of avoided morbidity. , 1992, American journal of public health.

[279]  E. Nord An alternative to QALYs: the saved young life equivalent (SAVE) , 1992, BMJ.

[280]  J. Nicholl,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of cost-effectiveness of lithotripsy and open cholecystectomy as treatments for gallbladder stones , 1992, The Lancet.

[281]  L. Palinkas,et al.  Comparison of Quality of Well-Being scale and Functional Status Index in patients with atrial fibrillation. , 1992, Medical care.

[282]  D. Churchill,et al.  THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION—A PROSPECTIVE STUDY , 1992, Transplantation.

[283]  R. Langer,et al.  Effects of Offering Advance Directives on Medical Treatments and Costs , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[284]  R. Baird,et al.  Quality of life following surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[285]  G. Padilla,et al.  Health quality of life and colorectal cancer , 1992, Cancer.

[286]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Quality of life and policy analysis in arthritis. , 1992, Arthritis care and research : the official journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association.

[287]  R. Harwood Reprocessing data to form QALYs. , 1992, BMJ.

[288]  G. Wilkinson,et al.  QALYs in mental health: a case study , 1992, Psychological Medicine.

[289]  J. Coast Reprocessing data to form QALYs. , 1992, BMJ.

[290]  Drewett Rf,et al.  Measuring outcome of total knee replacement using quality of life indices. , 1992 .

[291]  D. Feeny,et al.  A comprehensive multiattribute system for classifying the health status of survivors of childhood cancer. , 1992, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[292]  H. Llewellyn-Thomas,et al.  Cancer Patients' Evaluations of Their Current Health State , 1992, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[293]  M. Johannesson,et al.  Economic Evaluation of Hypertension Treatment , 1992, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[294]  C. Sherbourne,et al.  The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) , 1992 .

[295]  J. Richardson,et al.  A cost utility analysis of mammography screening in Australia. , 1992, Social science & medicine.

[296]  D A Redelmeier,et al.  Variability among methods to assess patients' well-being and consequent effect on a cost-effectiveness analysis. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[297]  D R Holtgrave,et al.  The evaluation and treatment of men with asymptomatic prostate nodules in primary care: a decision analysis. , 1992, The Journal of family practice.

[298]  D A Revicki,et al.  Relationship between health utility and psychometric health status measures. , 1992, Medical care.

[299]  R. Carr-Hill,et al.  Health related quality of life measurement--Euro style. , 1992, Health policy.

[300]  E. Nord,et al.  Methods for quality adjustment of life years. , 1992, Social science & medicine.

[301]  R. Hays,et al.  Improving task comprehension in the measurement of health state preferences. A trial of informational cartoon figures and a paired-comparison task. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[302]  A S Detsky,et al.  How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization? Tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations. , 1992, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[303]  S. Ziebland,et al.  A generic health status instrument in the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis. , 1992, British journal of rheumatology.

[304]  David Wilkin,et al.  Measures of Need and Outcome for Primary Health Care , 1992 .

[305]  P. Jones Measurement of health in asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease , 1992 .

[306]  John E. Ware,et al.  Measuring Functioning and Well-Being , 1992 .

[307]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Relative importance of dimensions in the assessment of health-related quality of life for patients with hypertension. , 1992, Progress in cardiovascular nursing.

[308]  A. Laupacis,et al.  A disease-specific questionnaire for assessing quality of life in patients on hemodialysis. , 1992, Nephron.

[309]  L. Levin,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of thrombolysis--a randomized study of intravenous rt-PA in suspected myocardial infarction. , 1992, European heart journal.

[310]  W. Katon,et al.  Somatization, co-morbidity, and the quality of life: measuring the effect of depression upon chronic medical illness. , 1992, Psychiatric medicine.

[311]  C. Gudex,et al.  The “Q” in QALYs , 1991, British medical journal.

[312]  C. Gudex,et al.  The HMQ: measuring health status in the community , 1991 .

[313]  L. Goldman,et al.  Functional status versus utilities in survivors of myocardial infarction. , 1991, Medical care.

[314]  Z. Cohen,et al.  Quality of life of patients with ulcerative colitis preoperatively and postoperatively. , 1991, Gastroenterology.

[315]  R M Kaplan,et al.  Effects of number of rating scale points upon utilities in a quality of well-being scale. , 1991, Medical care.

[316]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Measuring the quality of well-being in cystic fibrosis and lung transplantation. The importance of the area under the curve. , 1991, Chest.

[317]  R. Carr-Hill,et al.  Current practice in obtaining the "Q" in QALYs: a cautionary note. , 1991, BMJ.

[318]  C. Gudex,et al.  Chiropody and the QALY: a case study in assigning categories and distress to patients , 1991 .

[319]  M F Drummond,et al.  Economic Analysis Alongside Clinical Trials: Revisiting the Methodological Issues , 1991, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[320]  George W. Torrance,et al.  Methodologic challenges in the development of utility measures of health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. , 1991, Controlled clinical trials.

[321]  C. Bombardier,et al.  A comparison of health-related quality-of-life measures for rheumatoid arthritis research* , 1991 .

[322]  D. Churchill,et al.  A comparison of evaluative indices of quality of life and cognitive function in hemodialysis patients. , 1991, Controlled clinical trials.

[323]  A. Laupacis,et al.  The use of generic and specific quality-of-life measures in hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin. The Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group. , 1991, Controlled clinical trials.

[324]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Value elicitation: Is there anything in there? , 1991 .

[325]  E. Nord,et al.  The validity of a visual analogue scale in determining social utility weights for health states. , 1991, The International journal of health planning and management.

[326]  S. Bryan,et al.  Chiropody and the QALY: a case study in assigning categories of disability and distress to patients. , 1991, Health policy.

[327]  L. McTurk A methodological quibble about QALYs. , 1991, BMJ.

[328]  A. Mehrez,et al.  The Healthy-years Equivalents , 1991, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[329]  E. Nord,et al.  EuroQol: health-related quality of life measurement. Valuations of health states by the general public in Norway. , 1991, Health policy.

[330]  A. Gafni Measuring the adverse effects of unnecessary hypertension drug therapy: QALYs vs HYE. , 1991, Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale.

[331]  R. Brooks,et al.  EuroQol: health-related quality of life measurement. Results of the Swedish questionnaire exercise. , 1991, Health policy.

[332]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Effects on quality of life with comprehensive rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. , 1991, The American journal of cardiology.

[333]  D C Hadorn,et al.  Setting health care priorities in Oregon. Cost-effectiveness meets the rule of rescue. , 1991, JAMA.

[334]  A. Wagstaff QALYs and the equity-efficiency trade-off. , 1991, Journal of health economics.

[335]  A. Verbeek,et al.  The feasibility of additive conjoint measurement in measuring utilities in breast cancer patients , 1991 .

[336]  D. Wingard,et al.  Gender differences in health-related quality of life. , 1991, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[337]  Rosenberg Ee,et al.  Measuring health status: an approach for family practice researchers. , 1991 .

[338]  C. Jenkinson Why are we weighting? A critical examination of the use of item weights in a health status measure. , 1991, Social science & medicine.

[339]  J R Clarke,et al.  Acute pain over the appendix. A model of the surgical decision. , 1991, Annales de chirurgie.

[340]  D. Hadorn The role of public values in setting health care priorities. , 1991, Social science & medicine.

[341]  W Sumner,et al.  U-titer: a utility assessment tool. , 1991, Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care.

[342]  K. A. Johnston,et al.  Quality of life bibliography and indexes. , 1990, Medical care.

[343]  P. Kind Measuring valuations for health states: a survey of patients in general practice , 1990 .

[344]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Quality of well-being before and after antibiotic treatment of pulmonary exacerbation in patients with cystic fibrosis. , 1990, Chest.

[345]  A Calin,et al.  Willingness to accept risk in the treatment of rheumatic disease. , 1990, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[346]  M. Liang,et al.  Comparisons of Five Health Status Instruments for Orthopedic Evaluation , 1990, Medical care.

[347]  W. Gregory,et al.  Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patients with cancer with those of doctors, nurses, and general public. , 1990, BMJ.

[348]  B. O'Brien,et al.  Outcome assessment in cardiovascular cost-benefit studies. , 1990, American heart journal.

[349]  N. Boyd,et al.  Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis? , 1990, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[350]  D G Altman,et al.  Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. , 1990, BMJ.

[351]  R. J. Hartley,et al.  Online searching : principles and practice , 1990 .

[352]  A. Tversky,et al.  The Causes of Preference Reversal , 1990 .

[353]  A. Williams EuroQol : a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life , 1990 .

[354]  G. Bonsel,et al.  Valuation of health states by the general public: feasibility of a standardized measurement procedure. , 1990, Social science & medicine.

[355]  A Gafni,et al.  Evaluating health related quality of life: an indifference curve interpretation for the time trade-off technique. , 1990, Social science & medicine.

[356]  B. Jönsson Quality of life--economic aspects. , 1990, Scandinavian journal of primary health care. Supplement.

[357]  C Gudex,et al.  Prioritising waiting lists. , 1990, Health trends.

[358]  A. Kasuya EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. , 1990, Health policy.

[359]  L. Watkins,et al.  A scale for neurosurgical audit. , 1990, British journal of neurosurgery.

[360]  I Grant,et al.  Quality of life in a placebo-controlled trial of zidovudine in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. , 1990, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[361]  A. Pellegrini,et al.  Effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on quality of life in preterminal cancer patients: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study. The Methylprednisolone Preterminal Cancer Study Group. , 1989, European journal of cancer & clinical oncology.

[362]  A. Filiberti,et al.  Psychological aspects of testis cancer therapy: a prospective study. , 1989, The Journal of urology.

[363]  C. Berry,et al.  Interday reliability of function assessment for a health status measure. The Quality of Well-Being scale. , 1989, Medical care.

[364]  D. Feeny,et al.  Utilities and Quality-Adjusted Life Years , 1989, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[365]  J. Hall Best medical practice in practice: measuring efficiency in mammography screening. , 1989, The International journal of health planning and management.

[366]  A. Mehrez,et al.  Quality-adjusted Life Years, Utility Theory, and Healthy-years Equivalents , 1989, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[367]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The well-year of life as a basis for patient decision-making. , 1989, Patient education and counseling.

[368]  Haig Th,et al.  Measurement of the discomfort component of illness. , 1989 .

[369]  G W Torrance,et al.  Incorporating Utility-Based Quality-of-Life Assessment Measures in Clinical Trials: Two Examples , 1989, Medical care.

[370]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Using Composite Health Status Measures to Assess the Nation's Health , 1989, Medical care.

[371]  R M Kaplan,et al.  The Quality of Well-Being Scale: Applications in AIDS, Cystic Fibrosis, and Arthritis , 1989, Medical care.

[372]  R M Kaplan,et al.  The quality of well-being in cystic fibrosis. , 1989, Chest.

[373]  R M Kaplan,et al.  Health outcome models for policy analysis. , 1989, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[374]  R. Kane,et al.  Methodology for measuring health-state preferences--II: Scaling methods. , 1989, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[375]  R. Carr-Hill,et al.  Assumptions of the QALY procedure. , 1989, Social science & medicine.

[376]  G. Loomes,et al.  The use of QALYs in health care decision making. , 1989, Social science & medicine.

[377]  R. Rosell,et al.  Quality of life during chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. , 1989, Acta oncologica.

[378]  R L Kane,et al.  Methodology for measuring health-state preferences--I: Measurement strategies. , 1989, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[379]  P Glasziou,et al.  Costs and benefits of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer: a quality-adjusted survival analysis. , 1989, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[380]  P. K. Tandon,et al.  Analysis of quality of life data from a randomized, placebo-controlled heart-failure trial. , 1989, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[381]  R L Kane,et al.  Methodology for measuring health-state preferences--III: Population and context effects. , 1989, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[382]  Milton C. Weinstein,et al.  A QALY is a QALY is a QALY -- Or is it? , 1988 .

[383]  J. Bond,et al.  Should QALYs be programme-specific? , 1988, Journal of health economics.

[384]  R M Kaplan,et al.  A general health policy model: update and applications. , 1988, Health services research.

[385]  J. Miyamoto,et al.  A multiplicative model of the utility of survival duration and health quality. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[386]  S. Fihn,et al.  Symptom Severity and Patients' Values in the Decision to Perform a Transurethral Resection of the Prostate , 1988, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[387]  P. Kind,et al.  The quantification of health , 1988 .

[388]  C. Gudex,et al.  The QALY toolkit , 1988 .

[389]  C. Berry,et al.  Internal Consistency Analysis: a method for studying the accuracy of function assessment for health outcome and quality of life evaluation. , 1988, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[390]  G W Torrance,et al.  Measuring the wellbeing of family caregivers using the time trade-off technique. , 1988, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[391]  J. Bond,et al.  QALYS and long-term care for elderly people in the UK: scales for assessment of quality of life. , 1988, Age and ageing.

[392]  S. Wilson Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes , 1987 .

[393]  G. Guyatt,et al.  A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. , 1987, Thorax.

[394]  I. McDowell,et al.  Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires, 3rd ed. , 2006 .

[395]  G. Torrance,et al.  Measurement of quality of life in end-stage renal disease: the time trade-off approach. , 1987, Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale.

[396]  G W Torrance,et al.  Utility approach to measuring health-related quality of life. , 1987, Journal of chronic diseases.

[397]  B. O'brien,et al.  Measuring the effectiveness of heart transplant programmes: quality of life data and their relationship to survival analysis. , 1987, Journal of chronic diseases.

[398]  J. Read,et al.  Measuring overall health: an evaluation of three important approaches. , 1987, Journal of chronic diseases.

[399]  M. Drummond,et al.  Resource allocation decisions in health care: a role for quality of life assessments? , 1987, Journal of chronic diseases.

[400]  Gavin Mooney,et al.  Economics, medicine, and health care , 1987 .

[401]  D J Balaban,et al.  Weights for Scoring the Quality of Well-being Instrument Among Rheumatoid Arthritics: A Comparison to General Population Weights , 1986, Medical care.

[402]  C. Bombardier,et al.  Auranofin therapy and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a multicenter trial. , 1986, The American journal of medicine.

[403]  C. Berry,et al.  Classifying Function for Health Outcome and Quality-of-life Evaluation: Self- Versus Interviewer Modes , 1986, Medical care.

[404]  M S Thompson,et al.  Willingness to pay and accept risks to cure chronic disease. , 1986, American journal of public health.

[405]  G. Torrance Measurement of health state utilities for economic appraisal. , 1986, Journal of health economics.

[406]  P. Reed Religiousness among terminally ill and healthy adults. , 1986, Research in nursing & health.

[407]  D. Altman,et al.  STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT , 1986, The Lancet.

[408]  Haig Th,et al.  The rational zero point for an illness index with ratio properties. , 1986 .

[409]  D. Cadman,et al.  Construction of social value or utility-based health indices: the usefulness of factorial experimental design plans. , 1986, Journal of chronic diseases.

[410]  A. Sen,et al.  Commodities and Capabilities , 1987 .

[411]  A. Williams Economics of coronary artery bypass grafting. , 1985, British medical journal.

[412]  J. Miyamoto,et al.  Parameter Estimates for a QALY Utility Model , 1985, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[413]  P. Selby Measurement of the quality of life after cancer treatment. , 1985, British journal of hospital medicine.

[414]  R. Leu Economic evaluation of new drug therapies in terms of improved life quality. , 1985, Social science & medicine.

[415]  G W Torrance,et al.  Developing Multiattribute Health Indexes , 1984, Medical care.

[416]  H. Fineberg,et al.  Preferences for Health Outcomes , 1984, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[417]  R Tibshirani,et al.  Describing Health States: Methodologic Issues in Obtaining Values for Health States , 1984, Medical care.

[418]  Imran S. Currim,et al.  A Comparative Evaluation of Multiattribute Consumer Preference Models , 1984 .

[419]  D. Cadman,et al.  Values, Preferences, and Decisions in the Care of Children with Developmental Disabilities , 1984, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[420]  R. Kaplan,et al.  Validity of a quality of well-being scale as an outcome measure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1984, Journal of chronic diseases.

[421]  N. Boyd,et al.  Measurement of Values for States of Health with Linear Analog Scales , 1983, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[422]  A Gafni,et al.  Evaluation of public investment in health care. Is the risk irrelevant? , 1983, Journal of health economics.

[423]  L. Schilder,et al.  Assessment of the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. , 1983, European journal of cancer & clinical oncology.

[424]  G W Torrance,et al.  Economic evaluation of neonatal intensive care of very-low-birth-weight infants. , 1983, The New England journal of medicine.

[425]  R M Kaplan,et al.  Do Category Rating Scales Produce Biased Preference Weights for a Health Index? , 1983, Medical care.

[426]  R. Sugden,et al.  Regret Theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty Review of Economic Studies , 1982 .

[427]  R. Tibshirani,et al.  The Measurement of Patients' Values in Medicine , 1982, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[428]  George W. Torrance,et al.  Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory to Measure Social Preferences for Health States , 1982, Oper. Res..

[429]  Rakesh K. Sarin,et al.  RELATIVE RISK AVERSION. , 1982 .

[430]  H. Kunreuther,et al.  Decision Making: SOURCES OF BIAS IN ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES FOR UTILITY FUNCTIONS , 1982 .

[431]  N. Boyd,et al.  Attitudes Toward Quality of Survival , 1982, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[432]  A. Tversky,et al.  On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies. , 1982, The New England journal of medicine.

[433]  G. M. Anderson A comment on the Index of Well-Being. , 1982, Medical care.

[434]  J E Ware,et al.  Effects of Physical and Mental Health on Health-State Preferences , 1982, Medical care.

[435]  Robert M. Kaplan,et al.  Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement for Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis , 1982 .

[436]  P. Schoemaker The Expected Utility Model: Its Variants, Purposes, Evidence and Limitations , 1982 .

[437]  Torrance Gw Preferences for health states: a review of measurement methods. , 1982 .

[438]  R. Wilkinson,et al.  Economics and Consumer Behaviour , 1981 .

[439]  H. Sintonen An approach to measuring and valuing health states. , 1981, Social science & medicine. Medical economics.

[440]  Joseph S. Pliskin,et al.  Utility Functions for Life Years and Health Status , 1980, Oper. Res..

[441]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect Theory : An Analysis of Decision under Risk Author ( s ) : , 2007 .

[442]  R M Kaplan,et al.  Health Status Index: Category Rating versus Magnitude Estimation for Measuring Levels of Well-Being , 1979, Medical care.

[443]  R. L. Keeney,et al.  Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Trade-Offs , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[444]  R. Sitgreaves Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). , 1979 .

[445]  A. Culyer Measuring Health: Lessons for Ontario , 1978 .

[446]  P. Kind,et al.  A scale of valuations of states of illness: is there a social consensus? , 1978, International journal of epidemiology.

[447]  R. Burton Key Issues in Health , 1978 .

[448]  Robert Sugden,et al.  The principles of practical cost-benefit analysis , 1978 .

[449]  G. Torrance,et al.  The utility of different health states as perceived by the general public. , 1978, Journal of chronic diseases.

[450]  Gavin Mooney,et al.  The valuation of human life , 1977 .

[451]  D. Patrick Constructing Social Metrics for Health Status Indexes , 1976, International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation.

[452]  R M Kaplan,et al.  Health status: types of validity and the index of well-being. , 1976, Health services research.

[453]  George W. Torrance,et al.  Social preferences for health states: An empirical evaluation of three measurement techniques , 1976 .

[454]  A. Parducci Chapter 5 – CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS: A RANGE–FREQUENCY ANALYSIS* , 1974 .

[455]  D L Patrick,et al.  Toward an operational definition of health. , 1973, Journal of health and social behavior.

[456]  D L Patrick,et al.  Methods for measuring levels of well-being for a health status index. , 1973, Health services research.

[457]  R. Rosser,et al.  The measurement of hospital output. , 1972, International journal of epidemiology.

[458]  G W Torrance,et al.  A utility maximization model for evaluation of health care programs. , 1972, Health services research.

[459]  A. Grogono,et al.  Index for measuring health. , 1971, Lancet.

[460]  S. S. Stevens Issues in psychophysical measurement. , 1971 .

[461]  K. Lancaster A New Approach to Consumer Theory , 1966, Journal of Political Economy.

[462]  J. Neumann,et al.  Theory of games and economic behavior , 1945, 100 Years of Math Milestones.

[463]  J. Hicks The Foundations of Welfare Economics , 1939 .

[464]  N. Kaldor The Philosophy of Economics: Welfare Propositions of Economics and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility , 1939 .