Investigation of noise sources in high-speed trains

In this paper, the quantification of the external noise sources in high-speed trains is discussed. A thorough understanding of the underlying causes of noise generation in high-speed trains is needed to develop effective noise control measures. However, because high-speed trains produce a complex array of sounds, it is very difficult to determine each individual source of noise. In this study, the delay-and-sum beamforming method, which uses microphone arrays, was used to separate the noise sources and analyze the sound characteristics of high-speed trains. A new microphone array with 96 microphones was designed to measure the noise produced by high-speed trains. Performance verification tests were conducted to ensure the reliability of the results obtained from the array. Then, the system was used to measure the sounds produced by Korean high-speed trains traveling at speeds between 150 and 300 km/h. Sound maps were then produced using the beamforming technique. The study determined that the majority of the noise produced by the high-speed trains originated from the front nose, bogie, pantograph and inter-coach spacing. Finally, the beampower spectra of the aerodynamic noise sources originating in the front nose, pantograph and inter-coach spacing were deduced from frequency conversion. From these results, the aerodynamic noise characteristics of the major sources of noise in high-speed trains were determined.

[1]  P. Hansen.  The discrete picard condition for discrete ill-posed problems , 1990 .

[2]  Francesco Ripamonti,et al.  The delay & sum algorithm applied to microphone array measurements : Numerical analysis and experimental validation , 2007 .

[3]  A. Berry,et al.  Unsteady lift and flow velocity evaluation for subsonic fans using inverse aeroacoustic models , 2005 .

[4]  Alain Berry,et al.  Evaluation of Tonal Aeroacoustic Sources in Subsonic Fans Using Inverse Models , 2007 .

[5]  M. Fink,et al.  Self focusing in inhomogeneous media with time reversal acoustic mirrors , 1989, Proceedings., IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium,.

[6]  M B Mauclaire.  NOISE GENERATED BY HIGH SPEED TRAINS: NEW INFORMATION ACQUIRED BY SNCF IN THE FIELD OF ACOUSTICS, OWING TO THE HIGH SPEED TEST PROGRAMME , 1990 .

[7]  F. Fahy,et al.  Sound and Structural Vibration: Radiation, Transmission and Response , 1987 .

[8]  P. Drummond,et al.  Time reversed acoustics , 1997 .

[9]  Ecully Cedex.  AERODYNAMIC NOISE RADIATED BY THE INTERCOACH SPACING AND THE BOGIE OF A HIGH-SPEED TRAIN , 2000 .

[10]  C J C Jones,et al.  Investigation into the validity of two-dimensional models for sound radiation from waves in rails. , 2003, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[11]  Jørgen Hald.  Combined NAH and Beamforming Using the Same Microphone Array , 2004 .

[12]  C. Noger,et al.  AEROACOUSTICAL STUDY OF THE TGV PANTOGRAPH RECESS , 2000 .

[13]  Philip A. Nelson,et al.  Optimal regularisation for acoustic source reconstruction by inverse methods , 2004 .

[14]  J. D. Maynard,et al.  Nearfield acoustic holography: I. Theory of generalized holography and the development of NAH , 1985 .

[15]  D. Thompson,et al.  Comparison of methods for parameter selection in Tikhonov regularization with application to inverse force determination , 2007 .

[16]  B. Barsikow,et al.  EXPERIENCES WITH VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF MICROPHONE ARRAYS USED TO LOCATE SOUND SOURCES ON RAILWAY TRAINS OPERATED BY THE DB AG , 1996 .

[17]  Q. Leclère.  Acoustic imaging using under-determined inverse approaches : Frequency limitations and optimal regularization , 2009 .

[18]  Don H. Johnson,et al.  Array Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques , 1993 .

[19]  Philip A. Nelson,et al.  A review of some inverse problems in acoustics , 2001 .

[20]  Patricia Davies,et al.  An Efficient Procedure for Visualizing the Sound Field Radiated by Vehicles during Standardized Passby Tests , 2000 .

[21]  Alain Berry,et al.  High-Resolution Imaging of Sound Sources in Free Field Using a Numerical Time-Reversal Sink , 2009 .

[22]  Per Christian Hansen,et al.  Rank-Deficient and Discrete Ill-Posed Problems , 1996 .

[23]  J. Rossiter.  Wind tunnel experiments on the flow over rectangular cavities at subsonic and transonic speeds , 1964 .

[24]  Julian D. Maynard,et al.  Nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) II. Holographic reconstruction algorithms and computer implementation , 1987 .

[25]  David Thompson,et al.  Comparison of wheel/rail noise radiation on Japanese railways using the TWINS model and microphone array measurements , 2006 .

[26]  Franck Poisson,et al.  Noise Sources for High Speed Trains: A Review of Results in the TGV Case , 2008 .

[27]  Lawrence E. Kinsler,et al.  Fundamentals of acoustics , 1950 .

[28]  Robert H. Halstead,et al.  Matrix Computations , 2011, Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing.

[29]  Patricia Davies,et al.  An Efficient Procedure for Visualizing the Sound Field Radiated by Vehicles During Standardized Passby Tests , 1999 .

[30]  David Thompson.  Railway Noise and Vibration , 2009 .