Antarctic sea ice microwave signatures and their correlation with in situ ice observations

The general characteristics and microwave radiative properties of sea ice in the Weddell Sea region during the onset of spring are studied by using the NIMBUS 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and other satellite sensors in conjunction with in situ observations from the Mikhail Somov. The position of the ice edge, the gradient of ice concentration, and the width of the Marginal Ice Zone are inferred from the microwave data and are found to be consistent with ship observations especially at 18 GHz. The sensitivities of the various SMMR frequencies to surface and other effects are investigated by using multi-spectral cluster analysis. The results show considerable variability in emissivity, especially at 37 GHz, likely associated with varying degrees of surface wetness. Ice concentrations are derived by using two methods: one that assumes fixed emissivities for consolidated ice and an iterative procedure that accounts for the variable emissivities observed. By using the procedure that allows the emissivities to be variable gives ice concentrations that are more consistent with qualitative field observations.