Hybrid routing in clustered DTNs with message ferrying

The mobile wireless research community has invested in the development of routing algorithms and protocols for two distinct environments. The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) environment is generally assumed to contain relatively dense nodes connected by multi-hop paths, where disconnection is rare. The disruption tolerant network (DTN) environment is generally assumed to contain relatively sparse nodes that are frequently disconnected. We are interested in a different environment in which clusters of nodes have MANET-like dense connectivity, while there is DTN-like sparse connectivity between clusters. We focus in this paper on the case of stationary clusters, where message ferrying provides inter-cluster connectivity. Our routing approach combines message ferry routing with MANET routing through the use of gateway nodes. To best utilize gateway nodes, we develop various algorithms for data aggregation at gateways and transmission scheduling between gateways and the ferry. To further improve performance, we design algorithms to customize ferry routes according to node location and traffic condition. Our hybrid routing schemes are evaluated via extensive simulations.

[1]  Arobinda Gupta,et al.  Group Based Routing in Disconnected Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, HiPC.

[2]  Anders Lindgren,et al.  Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks , 2003, MOCO.

[3]  Waylon Brunette,et al.  Data MULEs: modeling a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks , 2003, Proceedings of the First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, 2003..

[4]  Ellen W. Zegura,et al.  A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks , 2004, MobiHoc '04.

[5]  Matthias Grossglauser,et al.  Island Hopping: Efficient Mobility-Assisted Forwarding in Partitioned Networks , 2006, 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks.

[6]  Hari Balakrishnan,et al.  Integrated Routing and Storage for Messaging Applications in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2004, Mob. Networks Appl..

[7]  Brian Gallagher,et al.  MaxProp: Routing for Vehicle-Based Disruption-Tolerant Networks , 2006, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[8]  Amin Vahdat,et al.  Epidemic Routing for Partially-Connected Ad Hoc Networks , 2009 .

[9]  Jörg Ott,et al.  Integrating DTN and MANET routing , 2006, CHANTS '06.

[10]  David A. Maltz,et al.  DSR: the dynamic source routing protocol for multihop wireless ad hoc networks , 2001 .

[11]  Kevin R. Fall,et al.  A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[12]  Κουκουβακης Ε. Γεωργιος.  Σχεδιασμος Και Υλοποιηση Μοντελου Εξομοιωσης Υπερκειμενων Δικτυων Με Χρηση Του Εργαλειου Network Simulator 2 , 2003 .

[13]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Ad-hoc Storage Overlay System (ASOS): A Delay-Tolerant Approach in MANETs , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.

[14]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[15]  Patrick D. Ulam,et al.  When Good Comms Go Bad: Communications Recovery For Multi-Robot Teams , 2003 .

[16]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing , 1999, Proceedings WMCSA'99. Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[17]  Srinivasan Keshav,et al.  Opportunistic Scheduling in Ferry-Based Networks , 2006 .

[18]  Mostafa H. Ammar,et al.  Message ferrying: proactive routing in highly-partitioned wireless ad hoc networks , 2003, The Ninth IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems, 2003. FTDCS 2003. Proceedings..