Rinderpest: the disease and its impact on humans and animals.

Rinderpest is an ancient plague of cattle and other large ruminants, with descriptions of its effects dating back to Roman times. It is caused by a morbillivirus closely related to human measles virus. Although a very effective vaccine is available, it is heat labile, and logistical and financial problems hamper its delivery to the remote areas of Africa and Asia where enzootic foci remain. Periodic epizootics emerge from these foci and spread into neighboring areas, mainly as a result of uncontrolled livestock movement and trading. This is particularly true during wars or civil disturbances when normal veterinary controls do not operate. The disease continues to cause devastating economic losses in domestic livestock in areas of the world where it remains endemic.

[1]  W. Fitch,et al.  Punctuated equilibrium and positive Darwinian evolution in vesicular stomatitis virus. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  P. Wohlsein,et al.  Pathomorphological and immunohistological findings in cattle experimentally infected with rinderpest virus isolates of different pathogenicity. , 1995, Veterinary microbiology.

[3]  D. R. Nawathe,et al.  Towards global eradication of rinderpest. , 1983, Revue scientifique et technique.

[4]  W. Plowright,et al.  Studies on the pathogenesis of rinderpest in experimental cattle I. Correlation of clinical signs, viraemia and virus excretion by various routes , 1964, Journal of Hygiene.

[5]  T Barrett,et al.  Rediscovery of the second African lineage of rinderpest virus: its epidemiological significance , 1998, Veterinary Record.

[6]  A. Sabin.  My last will and testament on rapid elimination and ultimate global eradication of poliomyelitis and measles. , 1992, Pediatrics.

[7]  Y. Nagai,et al.  The paramyxovirus, Sendai virus, V protein encodes a luxury function required for viral pathogenesis , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[8]  M. Hussain,et al.  Cattle plague in Shangri-La: observations on a severe outbreak of rinderpest in northern Pakistan 1994–1995 , 1998, Veterinary Record.

[9]  B. Rima,et al.  Morbillivirus in dolphins , 1990, Nature.

[10]  F. Black.  Epidemiology of Paramyxoviridae , 1991 .

[11]  W. Plowright,et al.  Studies with Rinderpest Virus in Tissue Culture , 1962 .

[12]  M. W. Henning.  Animal diseases in South Africa. , 1949 .

[13]  E. Thiry,et al.  A mathematical model of rinderpest infection in cattle populations , 1991, Epidemiology and Infection.

[14]  S. Ahmad,et al.  Immunological responses of mice and cattle to baculovirus-expressed F and H proteins of rinderpest virus: lack of protection in the presence of neutralizing antibody , 1993, Journal of virology.

[15]  L. Goatley,et al.  The genome sequence of the virulent Kabete 'O' strain of rinderpest virus: comparison with the derived vaccine. , 1996, The Journal of general virology.

[16]  W. Plowright.  Some Properties of Strains of Rinderpest Virus Recently Isolated in E. Africa , 1963 .

[17]  E. C. Anderson,et al.  Observations on the pathogenicity for sheep and goats and the transmissibility of the strain of virus isolated during the rinderpest outbreak in Sri Lanka in 1987. , 1990, Veterinary microbiology.

[18]  A. Sinclair.  Population increases of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti , 1973 .

[19]  W. Plowright,et al.  Long-term studies of the immunity in East African Cattle following inoculation with rinderpest culture vaccine. , 1967, Research in veterinary science.

[20]  E. Norrby,et al.  Is rinderpest virus the archevirus of the Morbillivirus genus? , 1985, Intervirology.

[21]  T. Barrett,et al.  Immunisation of cattle with a recombinant vaccinia vector expressing the haemagglutinin gene of rinderpest virus , 1993, Veterinary Record.

[22]  M. Billeter,et al.  Measles virus editing provides an additional cysteine-rich protein , 1989, Cell.

[23]  L. Goatley,et al.  Evidence for different lineages of rinderpest virus reflecting their geographic isolation. , 1993, The Journal of general virology.

[24]  M. Oldstone,et al.  Virus-induced immunosuppression: infections with measles virus and human immunodeficiency virus. , 1989, Advances in immunology.

[25]  Stewart Dr.  Rinderpest among wild animals in Kenya, 1963-66. , 1968 .

[26]  W. Taylor.  Epidemiology and control of rinderpest. , 1986, Revue scientifique et technique.

[27]  M. Billeter,et al.  Nonstructural C Protein Is Required for Efficient Measles Virus Replication in Human Peripheral Blood Cells , 1999, Journal of Virology.

[28]  S. Alexandersen,et al.  The phosphoprotein gene of a dolphin morbillivirus isolate exhibits genomic variation at the editing site. , 1995, The Journal of general virology.

[29]  R. Pankhurst.  The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888-1892: a new assessment. I. , 1966, Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences.

[30]  R. Dietz,et al.  Clue to seal epizootic? , 1989, Nature.

[31]  K. McCullough,et al.  Rinderpest virus infection of bovine peripheral blood monocytes. , 1995, The Journal of general virology.

[32]  H. A. Wood,et al.  Physical map of Hz-1 baculovirus genome from standard and defective interfering particles , 1990 .

[33]  L. Karstad,et al.  Re-emergence of rinderpest as a threat in East Africa since 1979 , 1983, Veterinary Record.

[34]  T. Barrett,et al.  Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for the detection and characterisation of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses for epidemiological studies. , 1995, Virus research.

[35]  R. Kitching,et al.  Use of the polymerase chain reaction in differentiating rinderpest field virus and vaccine virus in the same animals. , 1993, Revue scientifique et technique.

[36]  C. Mebus,et al.  A vaccinia virus double recombinant expressing the F and H genes of rinderpest virus protects cattle against rinderpest and causes no pock lesions. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  T. Kuiken,et al.  Characterization of morbilliviruses isolated from dolphins and porpoises in Europe. , 1993, The Journal of general virology.

[38]  A. E. Sollod,et al.  Comparison of the effect of various chemical stabilizers and lyophilization cycles on the thermostability of a Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine. , 1990, Veterinary microbiology.

[39]  A. Osterhaus,et al.  Canine distemper virus ISCOMs induce protection in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) against phocid distemper but still allow subsequent infection with phocid distemper virus-1. , 1992, Vaccine.

[40]  A. D. Thomas,et al.  Rinderpest in game : a description of an outbreak and an attempt at limiting its spread by means of a bush fence , 1944 .

[41]  L. Goatley,et al.  Dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses are genetically distinct from phocine distemper virus. , 1993, Virology.

[42]  T. Barrett,et al.  Manual on the diagnosis of rinderpest , 1986 .

[43]  R. Kitching,et al.  Recombinant capripoxvirus expressing the hemagglutinin protein gene of rinderpest virus: protection of cattle against rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. , 1994, Virology.

[44]  T. Barrett,et al.  Cloning and sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein gene of rinderpest virus. , 1993, The Journal of general virology.

[45]  A. Osterhaus,et al.  Identification of virus causing recent seal deaths , 1988, Nature.

[46]  H. Wamwayi,et al.  Characterisation of African isolates of rinderpest virus. , 1995, Veterinary microbiology.