Carcinogen derived biomarkers: applications in studies of human exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke

Objective: To review the literature on carcinogen derived biomarkers of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). These biomarkers are specifically related to known carcinogens in tobacco smoke and include urinary metabolites, DNA adducts, and blood protein adducts. Method: Published reviews and the current literature were searched for relevant articles. Results: The most consistently elevated biomarker in people exposed to SHS was 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc), urinary metabolites of the tobacco specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The tobacco specificity of this biomarker as well as its clear relation to an established lung carcinogen are particularly appropriate for its application in studies of SHS exposure. Conclusion: The results of the available carcinogen derived biomarker studies provide biochemical data which support the conclusion, based on epidemiologic investigations, that SHS causes lung cancer in non-smokers.

[1]  G. Scherer,et al.  DNA adducts in human placenta in relation to tobacco smoke exposure and plasma antioxidant status , 2005, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.

[2]  G. Scherer,et al.  Uptake of tobacco smoke constituents on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) , 1992, The clinical investigator.

[3]  M. Thun,et al.  Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. , 2004, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.

[4]  D. Schmähl,et al.  Investigation of the tumorigenic response to benzo(a)pyrene in aqueous caffeine solution applied orally to Sprague-Dawley rats , 2004, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.

[5]  K. Schäfer,et al.  Analysis of aromatic amines in cigarette smoke. , 2003, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[6]  S. Loft,et al.  A molecular dosimetry approach to assess human exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pubs. , 2002, Carcinogenesis.

[7]  T. Steichen,et al.  An analysis of the mainstream smoke chemistry of samples of the U.S. cigarette market acquired between 1995 and 2000. , 2002, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[8]  T. Church,et al.  Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in the urine of elementary school-aged children. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[9]  Disease Prevention.  Clearing the Smoke : Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction , 2001 .

[10]  K. Katsouyanni,et al.  Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters. , 2001, Carcinogenesis.

[11]  H. Behrendt,et al.  Haemoglobin adducts from aromatic amines in children in relation to area of residence and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke , 2001, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[12]  G. Viegi,et al.  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with lower plasma beta-carotene levels among nonsmoking women married to a smoker. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[13]  D Hoffmann,et al.  The Less Harmful Cigarette: a Controversial Issue. a Tribute to Ernst L. Wynder , 2000 .

[14]  K. Anderson,et al.  Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. , 2001, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[15]  T. Cserháti,et al.  Analytical Determination of Nicotine and Related Compounds and their Metabolites , 2001 .

[16]  R M Harrison,et al.  Concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban domestic and public microenvironments. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[17]  R. Wallace,et al.  Exposure and Biomarker Assessment in Humans , 2001 .

[18]  R. Wallace,et al.  Clearing the Smoke , 2001 .

[19]  R. Wallace,et al.  Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. , 2001 .

[20]  W. Ahrens,et al.  Nitrated and oxidized plasma proteins in smokers and lung cancer patients. , 2001, Cancer research.

[21]  S. Fustinoni,et al.  Assessment through environmental and biological measurements of total daily exposure to volatile organic compounds of office workers in Milan, Italy. , 2000, Indoor air.

[22]  K. Netter.  Analytical Determination of Nicotine and related Compounds and their Metabolites , 2000 .

[23]  B. A. Ryan,et al.  Urinary mutagenicity in nonsmokers following exposure to fresh diluted sidestream cigarette smoke. , 2000, Mutation research.

[24]  G. Scherer,et al.  Biomonitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of nonoccupationally exposed persons. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[25]  A. Seidel,et al.  Detection of carcinogenic aromatic amines in the urine of non-smokers. , 2000, The Science of the total environment.

[26]  D. Hanahan,et al.  The Hallmarks of Cancer , 2000, Cell.

[27]  G. Scherer,et al.  Biomonitoring of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related exposure to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). , 2000 .

[28]  G. Scherer,et al.  Biomonitoring of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related exposure to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) , 2000, Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals.

[29]  E. Siwińska,et al.  The effect of coal stoves and environmental tobacco smoke on the level of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. , 1999, Mutation research.

[30]  S. Hecht,et al.  Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[31]  M. Vincenti,et al.  Formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine due to exposure to ethylene oxide via tobacco smoke: A risk factor for onset of cancer. , 1999, Environmental research.

[32]  D. Warburton,et al.  Molecular and genetic damage from environmental tobacco smoke in young children. , 1999, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[33]  G. Scherer,et al.  Assessment of the exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by different methods , 1999, Human & experimental toxicology.

[34]  J. Hall,et al.  8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA from leukocytes of healthy adults: relationship with cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee consumption. , 1999, Mutation research.

[35]  P. Lee.  Chapter 16 – Uses and abuses of cotinine as a marker of tobacco smoke exposure , 1999 .

[36]  G. Scherer,et al.  Analysis and evaluation of trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for benzene exposure. , 1998, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[37]  W. Blot,et al.  Passive smoking and lung cancer risk: what is the story now? , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[38]  S. Hecht,et al.  Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. , 1998, Chemical research in toxicology.

[39]  W. Pryor,et al.  Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar extracts: fractions that contain the tar radical cause DNA damage. , 1998, Chemical research in toxicology.

[40]  S. Hecht,et al.  A metabolite of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in the urine of hospital workers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[41]  C. Pritsos,et al.  Environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace induces oxidative stress in employees, including increased production of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[42]  C. Kutzer,et al.  Haemoglobin adducts from aromatic amines and tobacco specific nitrosamines in pregnant smoking and non smoking women. , 1998, Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals.

[43]  D W Gaylor,et al.  A comparison of the tumors induced by coal tar and benzo[a]pyrene in a 2-year bioassay. , 1998, Carcinogenesis.

[44]  G. Scherer,et al.  Biomonitoring exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): A critical reappraisal , 1997, Human & experimental toxicology.

[45]  M. W. Ogden,et al.  Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) : A market cigarette study , 1997 .

[46]  G. Scherer,et al.  trans,trans-Muconic acid as a biomarker of non-occupational environmental exposure to benzene , 1997, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[47]  H. Bartsch,et al.  Environmental exposure to N-nitroso compounds (NNOC) and precursors: an overview , 1996, European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation.

[48]  C. Weisel,et al.  Measurement of the urinary benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid from benzene exposure in humans. , 1996, Journal of toxicology and environmental health.

[49]  G. Scherer,et al.  Urinary mutagenicity and thioethers in nonsmokers: role of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and diet. , 1996, Mutation research.

[50]  J. Daisey,et al.  Volatile N-nitrosamines in Environment Tobacco Smoke: Sampling,Analysis, Smission Factors, and Indoor Air Exposures , 1996 .

[51]  P. S. Nielsen,et al.  Exposure to urban and rural air pollution: DNA and protein adducts and effect of glutathione-S-transferase genotype on adduct levels , 1996, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[52]  J. Sunyer,et al.  Benzene exposure, assessed by urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, in urban children with elevated blood lead levels. , 1996, Environmental health perspectives.

[53]  M. W. Ogden,et al.  Determination of volatile organic compounds and respirable suspended particulate matter in New Jersey and Pennsylvania homes and workplaces , 1996 .

[54]  K. Glüsenkamp,et al.  Urinary excretion of 3-methyladenine and 3-ethyladenine after controlled exposure to tobacco smoke. , 1995, Carcinogenesis.

[55]  S. Larson,et al.  Evaluation of elemental cadmium as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke. , 1995, Environmental science & technology.

[56]  H. Okkels,et al.  Transplacental transfer of environmental genotoxins: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin in non-smoking women, and the effect of maternal GSTM1 genotype. , 1995, Carcinogenesis.

[57]  J. Lewtas,et al.  DNA adducts and personal air monitoring of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an environmentally exposed population. , 1995, Carcinogenesis.

[58]  G. Scherer,et al.  Contribution of tobacco smoke to environmental benzene exposure in Germany , 1995 .

[59]  F. Perera,et al.  Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke in preschool children and their mothers. , 1994, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[60]  Frans J. Jongeneelen,et al.  Smoking and dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources of interindividual variability in the baseline excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine , 1994, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[61]  S. Hecht,et al.  Tobacco-specific nitrosamine-hemoglobin adducts. , 1994, Methods in enzymology.

[62]  S. Hecht,et al.  A tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in the urine of men exposed to cigarette smoke. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  S. Tannenbaum,et al.  Relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and carcinogen-hemoglobin adduct levels in nonsmokers. , 1993, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[64]  Oar,et al.  Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders , 1993 .

[65]  Exposures in the glass manufacturing industry. , 1993, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.

[66]  D. Hoffmann,et al.  Analysis of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in indoor air. , 1992, Carcinogenesis.

[67]  G. Scherer,et al.  Tobacco-Specific and Volatile N-Nitrosamines in Environmental Tobacco Smoke of Offices , 1992 .

[68]  Bruce A. Tomkins,et al.  The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement, Second Edition , 1992 .

[69]  Occupational exposures to mists and vapours from strong inorganic acids and other industrial chemicals. Working Group views and expert opinions, Lyon, 15-22 October 1991. , 1992, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans.

[70]  M. R. Kuhlman,et al.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study , 1991 .

[71]  P. Vineis,et al.  Carcinogen hemoglobin adducts, urinary mutagenicity, and metabolic phenotype in active and passive cigarette smokers. , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[72]  S. Hecht,et al.  Mass spectrometric analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamine hemoglobin adducts in snuff dippers, smokers, and nonsmokers. , 1990, Cancer research.

[73]  S. Hecht,et al.  Advances in Tobacco Carcinogenesis , 1990 .

[74]  H. Rüdiger,et al.  32P-postlabelling analysis of DNA adducts in monocytes of smokers and passive smokers , 1990, International archives of occupational and environmental health.

[75]  R. Katz,et al.  Elevated blood levels of carcinogens in passive smokers. , 1989, American journal of public health.

[76]  C. Huynh,et al.  Sidestream tobacco smoke constituents in indoor air modelled in an experimental chamber— Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , 1989 .

[77]  S. Hecht,et al.  Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, an important group of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. , 1988, Carcinogenesis.

[78]  L. Bates.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE: MEASURING EXPOSURES AND ASSESSING HEALTH EFFECTS , 1987 .

[79]  H. Kesteloot,et al.  Environmental tobacco smoke. Measuring exposures and assessing health effects : by B. Hulka (Ed.) National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1986 337 pp. [pound sign]19.20 , 1987 .

[80]  L. Wallace,et al.  Exposures to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. , 1987, Archives of environmental health.

[81]  J. Adams,et al.  Toxic and carcinogenic agents in undiluted mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke of different types of cigarettes. , 1987, Carcinogenesis.

[82]  G. Grimmer,et al.  Gaschromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aza-arenes, aromatic amines in the particle and vapor phase of mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes. , 1987, Toxicology letters.

[83]  G. Grimmer,et al.  Hydroxy-phenanthrenes in the urine of non-smokers and smokers. , 1987, Toxicology letters.

[84]  J. Adams,et al.  A critical look at N-nitrosamines in environmental tobacco smoke. , 1987, Toxicology letters.

[85]  C. Koop.  The health consequences of involuntary smoking : a report of the Surgeon General, 1986 , 1986 .

[86]  Education . Office on Smoking,et al.  The health consequences of involuntary smoking : a report of the Surgeon General , 1986 .

[87]  K. Yamaguchi,et al.  The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases , 1984 .

[88]  D. Hoffmann,et al.  Role of tobacco stems in the formation of N-nitrosamines in tobacco and cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke , 1983 .

[89]  G. Grimmer,et al.  Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. , 1983, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[90]  J A Swenberg,et al.  Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure. , 1983, Cancer research.

[91]  T. Ohsumi,et al.  The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: I. Acidic Components , 1983 .

[92]  W. Pryor,et al.  Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: nature of the free radicals in gas-phase smoke and in cigarette tar. , 1983, Environmental health perspectives.

[93]  John D. Adams,et al.  Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. LXXV: Rapid method for the analysis of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines by gas-liquid chromatography with a thermal energy analyser , 1983 .

[94]  Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Part 1, Chemical, environmental and experimental data. , 1983, IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans.

[95]  U. Mohr,et al.  Inhalation studies with benzo[a]pyrene in Syrian golden hamsters. , 1981, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[96]  D. Hoffmann,et al.  Assessment of the carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. , 1981, Carcinogenesis.

[97]  R. L. Carter,et al.  IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans , 1980, IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans.

[98]  D. Hoffmann,et al.  Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke LXIV. On the Analysis of Aromatic Amines in Cigarette Smoke , 1979 .

[99]  D. Hoffmann,et al.  Assessment of carcinogenic volatile N-nitrosamines in tobacco and in mainstream and sidestream smoke from cigarettes. , 1977, Cancer research.

[100]  I. Schmeltz,et al.  Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. Quantitative analysis of hydrazine in tobacco and cigarette smoke. , 1974, Analytical chemistry.

[101]  H. Bartsch,et al.  International Agency for Research on Cancer. , 1969, WHO chronicle.

[102]  E. S. Ferri,et al.  Polonium 210 in tobacco, cigarette smoke, and selected human organs. , 1966, Public health reports.

[103]  W. Gardner,et al.  Carcinogenesis , 1961, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.