Presenting words without interior letters: Superiority over single letters and influence of postmask boundaries.

Five experiments examined the perceptibility of exterior letter combinations of words in brief pattern-postmasked displays.

[1]  D. Holding,et al.  Sensory Storage of Fragmentary Displays , 1983, Perceptual and motor skills.

[2]  John B. Carroll,et al.  The American Heritage Word Frequency Book , 1971 .

[3]  James L. McClelland Putting Knowledge in its Place: A Scheme for Programming Parallel Processing Structures on the Fly , 1988, Cogn. Sci..

[4]  B. J. Winer Statistical Principles in Experimental Design , 1992 .

[5]  C W Eriksen,et al.  Do noise masks terminate target processing? , 1977, Memory & cognition.

[6]  P. Merikle,et al.  Selective forward masking. , 1972, Canadian journal of psychology.

[7]  C W Eriksen,et al.  The use of a visual mask may seriously confound your experiment , 1980, Perception & psychophysics.

[8]  Philip T Quinlan,et al.  Orthographic processing in visual word identification , 1990, Cognitive Psychology.

[9]  Peter Walker Word Shape as a Cue to the Identity of a Word: An Analysis of the Kučera and Francis (1967) Word List , 1987 .

[10]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  Expectancy as a determinant of functional units in perceptual recognition , 1971 .

[11]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations , 1986 .

[12]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  Eye movement control in reading: The role of word boundaries. , 1982 .

[13]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Experimental tests of a hierarchical model of word identification , 1980 .

[14]  Robert F. Stanners,et al.  Analysis of letter strings in word recognition. , 1973 .

[15]  E. Matthei Length effects in word perception: comment on Samuel, van Santen, and Johnston. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[16]  Michael Garman,et al.  Psycholinguistics: Accessing the mental lexicon , 1990 .

[17]  Bruno G. Breitmeyer,et al.  Visual masking : an integrative approach , 1984 .

[18]  James L. McClelland,et al.  An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. , 1981 .

[19]  D. D. Wheeler Processes in word recognition , 1970 .

[20]  G. S. Wasserman,et al.  Visual masking: mechanisms and theories. , 1980, Psychological bulletin.

[21]  Thomas H. Carr,et al.  Target position and practice in the identification of letters in varying contexts: A word superiority effect , 1976 .

[22]  M. Mason,et al.  Visual processing of nonlinguistic strings: redundancy effects and reading ability. , 1976, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[23]  J. L. Mcclelland,et al.  Perception and masking of wholes and parts. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[24]  D. Navon Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception , 1977, Cognitive Psychology.

[25]  G. M. Reicher Perceptual recognition as a function of meaninfulness of stimulus material. , 1969, Journal of experimental psychology.

[26]  H. Kucera,et al.  Computational analysis of present-day American English , 1967 .

[27]  Edward E. Smith,et al.  The role of syllables in perceptual processing , 1973 .

[28]  James C Johnston,et al.  A test of the Sophisticated Guessing Theory of word perception , 1978, Cognitive Psychology.

[29]  K. Forster,et al.  Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words , 1975 .

[30]  J. M. Cattell THE TIME TAKEN UP BY CEREBRAL OPERATIONS , 1886 .

[31]  C W Eriksen,et al.  Some temporal characteristics of visual pattern perception. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[32]  Thomas H. Killion,et al.  Interaction of visual and cognitive effects in word recognition. , 1977 .

[33]  L. Postman,et al.  Practice and transfer in the visual and auditory recognition of verbal stimuli. , 1956, The American journal of psychology.

[34]  James L. McClelland The programmable blackboard model of reading , 1986 .

[35]  Randolph G. Bias,et al.  Word recognition inside out and outside in , 1981 .

[36]  J. Baron,et al.  An analysis of the word-superiority effect☆ , 1973 .

[37]  M. L. Millis,et al.  Syllables and spelling units affect feature integration in words , 1986, Memory & cognition.

[38]  Amos Spector,et al.  The word superiority effect: A comparison between restricted and unrestricted alternative set , 1977 .

[39]  Kenneth S. Goodman,et al.  The psycholinguistic nature of the reading process , 1968 .

[40]  R W Schvaneveldt,et al.  An activation--verification model for letter and word recognition: the word-superiority effect. , 1982, Psychological review.

[41]  E. Gibson,et al.  The role of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in the perception of words. , 1962, The American journal of psychology.

[42]  J. L. Mcclelland Preliminary letter identification in the perception of words and nonwords. , 1976, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[43]  B. Sakitt,et al.  The retinal basis of iconic memory: Eriksen and Collins revisited. , 1980, The American journal of psychology.

[44]  Marcus Taft,et al.  Lexical access-via an orthographic code: The basic orthographic syllabic structure (BOSS) , 1979 .

[45]  D. Holding,et al.  Attentional Factors in Iconic Memory and Visible Persistence , 1987, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[46]  Timothy Jordan,et al.  The importance of visual angle in word recognition: A “shrinking screen” modification for visual displays , 1987 .

[47]  D. Bouwhuis,et al.  Attention and performance X : control of language processes , 1986 .

[48]  James L. McClelland,et al.  The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords , 1977 .

[49]  W. Kintsch,et al.  Memory and cognition , 1977 .

[50]  H. P. Bechtoldt,et al.  Visual recogition of dot-pattern bigrams: an extension and replication. , 1975, The American journal of psychology.

[51]  K. T. Spoehr,et al.  The role of orthographic and phonotactic rules in perceiving letter patterns. , 1975, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[52]  J. C. Johnston,et al.  Reply to Matthei: we really is worse than you or them, and so are Ma and Pa. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[53]  M Mason,et al.  Recognition time for letters and nonletters: effects of serial position, array size, and processing order. , 1982, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[54]  W. Estes The Locus of Inferential and Perceptual Processes in Letter Identification. , 1975 .

[55]  P. Merikle Selective backward masking with an unpredictable mask. , 1974, Journal of experimental psychology.

[56]  C. A. Becker Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies , 1980, Memory & cognition.

[57]  Robert F. Stanners,et al.  Memory representation for prefixed words , 1979 .

[58]  S. M. Chambers Letter and order information in lexical access , 1979 .

[59]  G. Humphreys,et al.  The Use of Abstract Graphemic Information in Lexical Access , 1981 .

[60]  D. Massaro,et al.  The role of lateral masking and orthographic structure in letter and word recognition. , 1979, Acta psychologica.

[61]  P. Merikle,et al.  On the selective effects of a patterned masking stimulus. , 1971, Canadian journal of psychology.

[62]  D. Green,et al.  Detecting targets in letter and non-letter arrays. , 1982, Canadian journal of psychology.

[63]  R. Treiman,et al.  Are there onset- and rime-like units in printed words? , 1987 .

[64]  James L. McClelland Letter and configuration information in word identification , 1977 .

[65]  R. F. Stanners,et al.  Memory representation for morphologically related words. , 1979 .

[66]  S. D. Lima,et al.  Lexical access during eye fixations in reading: effects of word-initial letter sequence. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[67]  Eleanor J. Gibson,et al.  Perception of inflections in brief visual presentations of words , 1971 .

[68]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  Lexical Access via an Orthographic Code? The Basic Orthographic Syllabic Structure (BOSS) Reconsidered. , 1983 .

[69]  T. Carr,et al.  Perceptual flexibility in word recognition: strategies affect orthographic computation but not lexical access. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[70]  J. C. Johnston,et al.  Length effects in word perception: we is better than i but worse than you or them. , 1982 .

[71]  T. R. Jordan Testing the BOSS hypothesis: Evidence for position-insensitive orthographic priming in the lexical decision task , 1986, Memory & cognition.

[72]  James L. McClelland,et al.  An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model. , 1982, Psychological review.

[73]  K. Forster,et al.  REPETITION PRIMING AND FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN LEXICAL ACCESS , 1984 .

[74]  G. A. Murrell,et al.  WORD RECOGNITION AND MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE , 1974 .

[75]  M. Taft Prefix Stripping Revisited. , 1981 .

[76]  P. Merikle,et al.  Selective Masking and Processing Strategy , 1973, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[77]  C. A. Becker Allocation of attention during visual word recognition. , 1976, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.