Annotating and Identifying Emotions in Text

This paper focuses on the classification of emotions and polarity in news headlines and it is meant as an exploration of the connection between emotions and lexical semantics. We first describe the construction of the data set used in evaluation exercise “Affective Text” task at SemEval 2007, annotated for six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise, and for positive and negative polarity. We also briefly describe the participating systems and their results. Second, exploiting the same data set, we propose and evaluate several knowledge-based and corpus-based methods for the automatic identification of emotions in text.

[1]  Björn Granström,et al.  Expressive Animated Agents for Affective Dialogue Systems , 2004, ADS.

[2]  Andrea Esuli,et al.  SENTIWORDNET: A Publicly Available Lexical Resource for Opinion Mining , 2006, LREC.

[3]  Marshall S. Smith,et al.  The general inquirer: A computer approach to content analysis. , 1967 .

[4]  Bo Pang,et al.  Thumbs up? Sentiment Classification using Machine Learning Techniques , 2002, EMNLP.

[5]  François-Régis Chaumartin,et al.  UPAR7: A knowledge-based system for headline sentiment tagging , 2007, Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007).

[6]  C. Fellbaum.  An Electronic Lexical Database , 1998 .

[7]  Lillian Lee,et al.  Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis , 2008, Found. Trends Inf. Retr..

[8]  Michael W. Berry,et al.  Large-Scale Sparse Singular Value Computations , 1992 .

[9]  Stan Szpakowicz,et al.  Using Roget’s Thesaurus for Fine-grained Emotion Recognition , 2008, IJCNLP.

[10]  Sabine Bergler,et al.  CLaC and CLaC-NB: Knowledge-based and corpus-based approaches to sentiment tagging , 2007, Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007).

[11]  H. E. King.  A Structural Theory of the Emotions. Psychological Issues Monograph 40 , 1978 .

[12]  Andrew Ortony,et al.  The Referential Structure of the Affective Lexicon , 1987, Cogn. Sci..

[13]  Richard Wicentowski,et al.  SWAT-MP:The SemEval-2007 Systems for Task 5 and Task 14 , 2007, Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007).

[14]  A. Ax.  The Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans , 1953, Psychosomatic medicine.

[15]  Carlo Strapparava,et al.  LEARNING TO LAUGH (AUTOMATICALLY): COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR HUMOR RECOGNITION , 2006, Comput. Intell..

[16]  Carlo Strapparava,et al.  Domain Kernels for Text Categorization , 2005, CoNLL.

[17]  Theodoros Bozios,et al.  Advanced Techniques for Personalized Advertising in a Digital TV Environment : The iMEDIA System , 2001 .

[18]  Philip J. Stone,et al.  Extracting Information. (Book Reviews: The General Inquirer. A Computer Approach to Content Analysis) , 1967 .

[19]  Steven Skiena,et al.  Lydia: A System for Large-Scale News Analysis , 2005, SPIRE.

[20]  G. Mishne.  Experiments with Mood Classification in , 2005 .

[21]  Carlo Strapparava,et al.  The Affective Weight of Lexicon , 2006, LREC.

[22]  Gilad Mishne,et al.  Why Are They Excited? Identifying and Explaining Spikes in Blog Mood Levels , 2006, EACL.

[23]  E. Vesterinen,et al.  Affective Computing , 2009, Encyclopedia of Biometrics.

[24]  Zornitsa Kozareva,et al.  UA-ZBSA: A Headline Emotion Classification through Web Information , 2007, Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007).

[25]  A. Ortony,et al.  The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. , 1987 .

[26]  M. Bradley,et al.  Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings , 1999 .

[27]  Peter D. Turney.  Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down? Semantic Orientation Applied to Unsupervised Classification of Reviews , 2002, ACL.

[28]  N. Frijda.  THE EMOTIONS (STUDIES IN EMOTION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION) , 2011 .

[29]  Sabine Bergler,et al.  Sentiment Tagging of Adjectives at the Meaning Level , 2006, Canadian Conference on AI.

[30]  Justine Cassell,et al.  Embodied Conversational Agents: Representation and Intelligence in User Interfaces , 2001, AI Mag..

[31]  Rada Mihalcea,et al.  Word Sense and Subjectivity , 2006, ACL.

[32]  Bing Liu,et al.  Mining and summarizing customer reviews , 2004, KDD.

[33]  Cecilia Ovesdotter Alm,et al.  Emotions from Text: Machine Learning for Text-based Emotion Prediction , 2005, HLT.

[34]  Hugo Liu,et al.  A Corpus-based Approach to Finding Happiness , 2006, AAAI Spring Symposium: Computational Approaches to Analyzing Weblogs.

[35]  K. Fiedler,et al.  The cognitive functions of linguistic categories in describing persons: Social cognition and language. , 1988 .

[36]  Carlo Strapparava,et al.  WordNet Affect: an Affective Extension of WordNet , 2004, LREC.

[37]  Carlo Strapparava,et al.  SemEval-2007 Task 14: Affective Text , 2007, Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007).

[38]  Claire Cardie,et al.  Annotating Expressions of Opinions and Emotions in Language , 2005, Lang. Resour. Evaluation.

[39]  Claire Cardie,et al.  Identifying Expressions of Opinion in Context , 2007, IJCAI.

[40]  Gunnar Eriksson,et al.  SICS: Valence annotation based on seeds in word space , 2007, Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007).

[41]  Christiane Fellbaum,et al.  Book Reviews: WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database , 1999, CL.

[42]  Hugo Liu,et al.  Of Men, Women, and Computers: Data-driven Gender Modeling for Improved User Interfaces , 2022 .

[43]  Janyce Wiebe,et al.  Just How Mad Are You? Finding Strong and Weak Opinion Clauses , 2004, AAAI.

[44]  Kathleen R. McKeown,et al.  Predicting the semantic orientation of adjectives , 1997 .

[45]  Bo Pang,et al.  A Sentimental Education: Sentiment Analysis Using Subjectivity Summarization Based on Minimum Cuts , 2004, ACL.

[46]  Shlomo Argamon,et al.  Automatically Categorizing Written Texts by Author Gender , 2002, Lit. Linguistic Comput..