On the sensitivity of the HAWC observatory to gamma-ray bursts

Abstract We present the sensitivity of HAWC to gamma ray bursts (GRBs). HAWC is a very high-energy gamma-ray observatory currently under construction in Mexico at an altitude of 4100 m. It will observe atmospheric air showers via the water Cherenkov method. HAWC will consist of 300 large water tanks instrumented with 4 photomultipliers each. HAWC has two data acquisition (DAQ) systems. The main DAQ system reads out coincident signals in the tanks and reconstructs the direction and energy of individual atmospheric showers. The scaler DAQ counts the hits in each photomultiplier tube (PMT) in the detector and searches for a statistical excess over the noise of all PMTs. We show that HAWC has a realistic opportunity to observe the high-energy power law components of GRBs that extend at least up to 30 GeV, as it has been observed by Fermi LAT. The two DAQ systems have an energy threshold that is low enough to observe events similar to GRB 090510 and GRB 090902b with the characteristics observed by Fermi LAT. HAWC will provide information about the high-energy spectra of GRBs which in turn could help to understanding about e-pair attenuation in GRB jets, extragalactic background light absorption, as well as establishing the highest energy to which GRBs accelerate particles.

J. Nava | G. Sinnis | D. Edmunds | D. Warner | F. Garfias | G. B. Yodh | N. Kelley-Hoskins | D. Berley | J. A. Aguilar | T. DeYoung | T. Montaruli | A. Shoup | L. Nellen | G. Medina-Tanco | L. Villasenor | D. Zaborov | J. S. Perkins | S. Y. BenZvi | G. Tenorio-Tagle | J. C. D'Olivo | N. Bautista-Elivar | J. E. McEnery | R. Arceo | A. Carraminana | R. Langarica | R. Alfaro | P. Vanegas | S. Silich | A. Bernal | M. Napsuciale | T. N. Ukwatta | F. Salesa | R. W. Ellsworth | A. J. Smith | I. Torres | E. Bonamente | E. Hays | J. M. Ryan | J. Reyes | I. Taboada | P. A. Toale | K. Tollefson | J. Aguilar | S. BenZvi | D. Berley | T. DeYoung | T. Montaruli | I. Taboada | P. Toale | S. Westerhoff | J. Wood | G. Yodh | Luis Carrasco | J. Linnemann | K. Tollefson | M. Castillo | E. Linares | D. Edmunds | B. Dingus | R. Ellsworth | J. Goodman | J. Mcenery | J. Ryan | A. Shoup | A. Smith | S. Delay | L. Gonz'alez | J. Reyes | R. Conde | A. Iriarte | L. Villaseñor | E. Bonamente | J. Matthews | A. F. Tellez | V. Grabski | L. Nellen | A. Zepeda | A. Sandoval | R. Arceo | D. Warner | G. Sinnis | R. Lauer | A. Tepe | R. Alfaro | D. Kieda | F. Salesa | D. Zaborov | A. Imran | J. Perkins | M. Mostafá | M. DuVernois | A. Barber | J. Valdés-Galicia | T. Ukwatta | E. Hays | C. Álvarez | A. Bernal | J. Braun | A. Carramiñana | U. Cotti | J. Cotzomi | E. D. L. Fuente | D. Fiorino | N. Fraija | F. Garfias | Z. Hampel-Arias | A. Lara | W. H. Lee | P. Miranda-Romagnoli | E. Moreno | M. Newbold | R. Noriega-Papaqui | J. Pretz | H. Salazar | M. Schneider | I. Torres | I. Wisher | V. P'erez | G. Tenorio-Tagle | N. Bautista-Elivar | V. Vasileiou | D. Delépine | H. Mart'inez | J. D'Olivo | B. Fick | G. Medina-Tanco | E. Santos | A. Tapia | B. Baughman | J. Mart'inez | J. C. Arteaga-Vel'azquez | U. Cotti | B. Fick | E. Moreno | H. Salazar | S. Westerhoff | A. Zepeda | B. L. Dingus | J. A. Goodman | J. T. Linnemann | L. Chambers | V. Grabski | R. Lauer | E. Santos | A. Tepe | W. H. Lee | B. M. Baughman | A. Imran | D. Kieda | V. Vasileiou | E. de la Fuente | A. Sandoval | N. Kelley-Hoskins | M. Napsuciale | M. Gonz'alez | E. Belmont | R. Caballero-Lopez | L. Díaz-Cruz | A. Galindo | M. Gussert | P. Karn | M. Longo | T. Oceguera-Becerra | S. Silich | M. M. Gonz'alez | P. Huntemeyer | E. Ben'itez | I. Ram'irez | H. C. A. Abeysekara | S. Aguilar | E. Almaraz | J. D. D. 'Alvarez-Romero | M. Alvarez | C. Badillo | I. Cabrera | P. Condreay | C. D. Le'on | L. Diaz | A. Flandes | J. L. Garc'ia-Luna | G. Garc'ia-Torales | C. Guzm'an-Cer'on | T. Harris | L. Hernández-Cervantes | J. J. Jiménez | R. Langarica | R. Luna-Garc'ia | L. Mart'inez | O. Mart'inez | J. Mart'inez-Castro | M. Martos | J. E. Mendoza-Torres | J. Nava | V. Orozco | E. G. P'erez-P'erez | C. Ramírez | D. Rebello | A. Renter'ia | D. Rosa-Gonz'alez | A. Rosado | J. Sacahui | K. Sparks | W. Springer | F. Su'arez | N. Suarez | P. Vanegas | O. V'azquez | X. V'azquez | W. Wall | J. S. Walters | P. H. Huntemeyer | J. Wood | J. Braun | M. Castillo | J. Cotzomi | C. De Le'on | D. W. Fiorino | Z. Hampel-Arias | A. Iriarte | A. Lara | R. Luna-Garc'ia | J. Mart'inez-Castro | M. Newbold | R. Noriega-Papaqui | J. Pretz | D. Rosa-Gonz'alez | M. Schneider | I. G. Wisher | D. Delepine | J. Matthews | M. Mostafa | W. Springer | J. J. Jimenez | P. Karn | K. Sparks | HAWC collaboration A. U. Abeysekara | S. Aguilar | E. Almaraz | C. 'Alvarez | J. de D. 'Alvarez-Romero | M. 'Alvarez | C. Badillo | A. Barber | E. Belmont | E. Ben'itez | R. Caballero-Lopez | I. Cabrera | L. Carrasco | L. Chambers | R. Conde | P. Condreay | S. Delay | L. Diaz | L. Diaz-Cruz | M. A. Duvernois | A. Flandes | N. I. Fraija | A. Galindo | G. Garc'ia-Torales | L. X. Gonz'alez | M. Gussert | C. Guzm'an-Ceron | T. Harris | L. Hernandez-Cervantes | E. C. Linares | M. Longo | H. Mart'inez | J. Mart'inez | L. A. Mart'inez | O. Mart'inez | M. Martos | P. A. Miranda-Romagnoli | T. Oceguera-Becerra | A. Olmos Tapia | V. Orozco | V. P'erez | C. Ramirez | I. Ram'irez | D. Rebello | A. Renter'ia | A. Rosado | J. R. Sacahui | F. Su'arez | N. Suarez | J. Valdes-Galicia | O. V'azquez | X. V'azquez | W. Wall | J. Goodman | J. Matthews | W. Lee | D. Delepine | J. Goodman

[1]  T Sakamoto,et al.  A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z approximately 8.2. , 2009, Nature.

[2]  D. L. Bertsch,et al.  The Highest-Energy Photons Seen by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , 2005 .

[3]  S. Woosley Gamma-ray bursts from stellar mass accretion disks around black holes , 1993 .

[4]  D. Lazzati,et al.  Gamma-ray burst jet dynamics and their interaction with the progenitor star , 2006, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[5]  E. Ramirez-Ruiz,et al.  Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era , 2009, 0909.1531.

[6]  P. Mészáros,et al.  Gamma-Ray bursts: accumulating afterglow implications, progenitor clues, and prospects. , 2001, Science.

[7]  G. Sinnis Air shower detectors in gamma-ray astronomy , 2009 .

[8]  T. D. Girolamoa,et al.  Search for gamma ray bursts with the ARGO-YBJ detector in scaler mode , 2008 .

[9]  U. Fano Ionization Yield of Radiations. II. The Fluctuations of the Number of Ions , 1947 .

[10]  C. Kouveliotou,et al.  Identification of two classes of gamma-ray bursts , 1993 .

[11]  E. Mazets,et al.  Broadband observations of the naked-eye γ-ray burst GRB 080319B , 2008, Nature.

[12]  Frank W. Samuelson,et al.  TeV Gamma-Ray Survey of the Northern Hemisphere Sky Using the Milagro Observatory , 2004 .

[13]  N. Gehrels,et al.  The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , 1994 .

[14]  Evert Rol,et al.  A γ-ray burst at a redshift of z ≈ 8.2 , 2009, Nature.

[15]  The high-energy gamma-ray fluence and energy spectrum of GRB 970417a from observations with Milagrito , 2003 .

[16]  S. Razzaque,et al.  Synchrotron radiation from ultra-high energy protons and the Fermi observations of GRB 080916C , 2009, 0908.0513.

[17]  A. MacFadyen,et al.  Collapsars: Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in “Failed Supernovae” , 1998, astro-ph/9810274.

[18]  W. Hajdas,et al.  Observation of an Unexpected Hardening in the Spectrum of GRB 021206 , 2007, 0710.2858.

[19]  J. Chiang,et al.  THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION , 2009, 0902.1089.

[20]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  The onset of the GeV afterglow of GRB 090510 , 2009, 0909.0016.

[21]  D. M. Palmer,et al.  BATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. 2: Peak energy evolution in bright, long bursts , 1994 .

[22]  Roland Diehl,et al.  THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY BURST MONITOR , 2009, 0908.0450.

[23]  P. N. Bhat,et al.  FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF GRB 090902B: A DISTINCT SPECTRAL COMPONENT IN THE PROMPT AND DELAYED EMISSION , 2009 .

[24]  X. Bertou Search for Gamma Ray Bursts using the single particle technique at the Pierre Auger Observatory , 2007 .

[25]  J. Rhoads How to Tell a Jet from a Balloon: A Proposed Test for Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts , 1997, astro-ph/9705163.

[26]  R. Somerville,et al.  GeV gamma-ray attenuation and the high-redshift UV background , 2009, 0905.1144.

[27]  N. Gehrels,et al.  The Swift γ-ray burst mission , 2004 .

[28]  D. Berley,et al.  Milagro Constraints on Very High Energy Emission from Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts , 2007, 0705.1554.

[29]  M. Ruffert,et al.  GAMMA-RAY BURSTS FROM ACCRETING BLACK HOLES IN NEUTRON STAR MERGERS , 1998, astro-ph/9809280.

[30]  Alan A. Wells,et al.  The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission , 2004, astro-ph/0405233.

[31]  P. N. Bhat,et al.  Detection of a Spectral Break in the Extra Hard Component of GRB 090926A , 2011, 1101.2082.

[32]  F. Prada,et al.  Hints of the existence of Axion-Like-Particles from the gamma-ray spectra of cosmological sources , 2009, 0905.3270.

[33]  L. A. Antonelli,et al.  Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar: How Transparent Is the Universe? , 2008, Science.

[34]  D. Palmer,et al.  BATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. I: Spectral diversity , 1993 .

[35]  CONSTRAINTS ON VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS , 2005, astro-ph/0503270.

[36]  D. Heck,et al.  Comparison of Hadronic Interaction Models used in Air Shower Simulations , 1996 .

[37]  M. Morales Limits on Very High Energy Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the Milagro Observatory , 2004 .

[38]  A. J. van der Horst,et al.  FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM GRB 090217A , 2009, Science.

[39]  M. Berisso,et al.  Use of water-Cherenkov detectors to detect Gamma Ray Bursts at the Large Aperture GRB Observatory (LAGO) , 2008 .

[40]  G. Golup,et al.  Gamma Ray Bursts , 2008 .

[41]  Philip Chang,et al.  Magnetar Spin-Down, Hyperenergetic Supernovae, and Gamma-Ray Bursts , 2004, astro-ph/0401555.

[42]  Donald Q. Lamb,et al.  Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Probe of the Very High Redshift Universe , 2000 .

[43]  T. D. Girolamo SEARCH FOR GAMMA RAY BURSTS WITH THE ARGO-YBJ DETECTOR IN SCALER MODE , 2009 .

[44]  F. Popper,et al.  The Onset of the , 2006 .

[45]  T. G. Guzik,et al.  Energy spectra of abundant nuclei of primary cosmic rays from the data of ATIC-2 experiment: Final results , 2009, 1101.3246.

[46]  E. Ramirez-Ruiz,et al.  LOCAL ABSORPTION OF HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS , 2010, 1006.3897.

[47]  Bing Zhang Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era , 2007, astro-ph/0701520.

[48]  Melvyn B. Davies,et al.  High-resolution calculations of merging neutron stars - III. Gamma-ray bursts , 2003, astro-ph/0306418.

[49]  P. M. Esz Aros Gamma-ray Bursts: Accumulating Afterglow Implications, Progenitor Clues and Prospects , 2022 .

[50]  T. Takeshima,et al.  The GRB coordinates network (GCN): A status report , 1998 .

[51]  B. Dingus,et al.  A γ-ray burst with a high-energy spectral component inconsistent with the synchrotron shock model , 2003, Nature.

[52]  G. Gisler,et al.  Observation of GeV Solar Energetic Particles from the 1997 November 6 Event Using Milagrito , 2003 .

[53]  R. E. Hughes,et al.  A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects , 2009, Nature.

[54]  S. Vernetto Detection of gamma-ray bursts in the 1 GeV–1 TeV energy range by ground-based experiments , 1999, astro-ph/9904324.

[55]  James M. Ryan,et al.  Observation of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula with Milagro Using a New Background Rejection Technique , 2003 .

[56]  M. Biesiada,et al.  Lorentz invariance violation-induced time delays in GRBs in different cosmological models , 2009, 1008.2615.

[57]  Gamma-ray bursts and the fireball model , 1998, astro-ph/9810256.

[58]  T. Aune Search for 1-100 GeV Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts Using Milagro , 2008 .