Eliminating defense and agreement bias from measures of the sense of control : A 2×2 index

Defensiveness and a tendency to agree bias findings based on unbalanced measures of the sense of control. A comprehensive model shows the defense bias introduced by not balancing the number of statements about good and bad outcomes and the agreement bias introduced by not balancing the number of internal (instrumental) and external (fatalistic) statemets

[1]  C. Ross,et al.  Paranoia and the structure of powerlessness. , 1983, American sociological review.

[2]  J. V. Wood,et al.  Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[3]  P. Sweeney,et al.  Is there a relation between locus of control orientation and depression? , 1988, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[4]  L. Radloff.  The CES-D Scale , 1977 .

[5]  G. Gurin,et al.  Personal and Ideological Aspects of Internal and External Control. , 1978 .

[6]  M. Weissman,et al.  Screening for depression in a community sample. Understanding the discrepancies between depression symptom and diagnostic scales. , 1982, Archives of general psychiatry.

[7]  C. Ross,et al.  Socially-desirable response and acquiescence in a cross-cultural survey of mental health. , 1984, Journal of health and social behavior.

[8]  G. Bohrnstedt,et al.  Robustness in Regression Analysis , 1971 .

[9]  V. Gecas.  The Social Psychology of Self-Efficacy , 1989 .

[10]  J. Ray.  Alternatives to the F Scale in the Measurement of Authoritarianism: A Catalog , 1984 .

[11]  H. Levenson,et al.  Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. , 1973, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[12]  R. Stolzenberg.  The Measurement and Decomposition of Causal Effects in Nonlinear and Nonadditive Models , 1980 .

[13]  M. Lieberman,et al.  The stress process. , 1981, Journal of health and social behavior.

[14]  C. Wortman,et al.  Attributions of blame and coping in the "real world": severe accident victims react to their lot. , 1977, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[15]  P. Lewinsohn,et al.  A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression. , 1988, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[16]  Sundaresan Jayaraman,et al.  The TK!Solver book : a guide to problem-solving in science, engineering, business, and education , 1984 .

[17]  R. Kolstoe.  Introduction to statistics for the behavioral sciences , 1969 .

[18]  J. Rodin.  Aging and health: effects of the sense of control. , 1986, Science.

[19]  C. Brewin,et al.  Beyond locus of control: Attribution of responsibility for positive and negative outcomes , 1984 .

[20]  R. Sitgreaves.  Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). , 1979 .

[21]  H. Lefcourt.  Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research , 1976 .

[22]  Peter M. Bentler,et al.  EQS : structural equations program manual , 1989 .

[23]  J. Rotter.  Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. , 1966, Psychological monographs.

[24]  Dana Ward,et al.  Right-Wing Authoritarianism , 1982 .

[25]  M. Seeman,et al.  Powerlessness, work, and community: a longitudinal study of alienation and alcohol use. , 1988, Journal of health and social behavior.

[26]  W. Cockerham,et al.  Social class, Mexican culture, and fatalism: Their effects on psychological distress , 1983, American journal of community psychology.