Dopamine D1 receptor ligands: Where are we now and where are we going

The dopamine (DA) D1 receptor is the most highly expressed DA receptor subtype among the DA receptor family. Although the first DA D1 receptor selective ligand SCH‐23390 (1) was introduced more than two decades ago, clinically useful D1 receptor selective ligands are rare. A renewed interest was ignited in the early 1990s by Nichols and Mailman who developed dihydrexidine (27a), the first high affinity full efficacy agonist for the D1 receptor. Since then, a number of D1 receptor agonists with full intrinsic activity, including A‐86929 (31a), dinapsoline (32a), dinoxyline (34a), and doxanthrine (35a) were identified. These compounds all contain a conformationally rigid structure. However, the fate of such ligands for clinical use as treatments of Parkinson's disease and other related CNS disorders is not optimistic since the clinical trial with dihydrexidine (27a) was not successful. Further investigations on other compounds which are currently in the discovery stage will be crucial for determining the future of the D1 receptor agonists. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 2, 272–294, 2009