Effects of dietary cholesterol on growth performance, feed intake and cholesterol metabolism in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed high plant protein diets

Abstract A 9-week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary cholesterol supplementation on growth performance, feed intake and cholesterol metabolism of juvenile turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed high plant protein diets. A fish meal diet (diet FM) with 58% FM was formulated, and this diet was used as control. The other four diets were formulated to contain 14.5% FM, 42.0% soybean meal (SBM), and 18.5% wheat gluten meal. The four diets were supplemented with 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% cholesterol, respectively, and were isonitrogenous and isolipidic to the diet FM. They were named as diet C-0.0%, C-0.5%, C-1.0% and C-1.5%, respectively. The final dietary cholesterol concentrations were 0.30%, 0.77%, 1.25%, and 1.78%, respectively. That in control diet was 0.63%. The results showed that weight gain rate (WGR) and feed efficiency rate in fish fed diet FM were significantly higher than those in fish fed other diets ( P P P

[1]  J. Haralabous,et al.  Effects of extrusion and inclusion level of soybean meal on diet digestibility, performance and nutrient utilization of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) , 2006 .

[2]  D. Houlihan,et al.  Protein growth performance, amino acid utilisation and somatotropic axis responsiveness to fish meal replacement by plant protein sources in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) , 2004 .

[3]  R. Hardy,et al.  Protein and lipid sources affect cholesterol concentrations of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). , 2004, Journal of animal science.

[4]  Wei Xu,et al.  Effects of dietary cholesterol on growth, survival and body composition of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino , 2009 .

[5]  S. Satoh,et al.  Disease resistance and hypocholesterolemia in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata fed a non-fishmeal diet , 2006, Fisheries Science.

[6]  Jen-Leih Wu,et al.  Molecular cloning and functional analysis of zebrafish high-density lipoprotein-binding protein. , 2003, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology.

[7]  P. Southgate,et al.  The effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa fed semi-purified diets , 2006 .

[8]  Å. Krogdahl,et al.  Dehulled solvent‐extracted soybean meal as a protein source in diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. , 1995 .

[9]  T. Storebakken,et al.  Feed consumption and conversion in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with fish meal, extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitors, lectins and soya antigens , 1998 .

[10]  W. Sealey,et al.  Dietary cholesterol and lecithin have limited effects on growth and body composition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) , 2001 .

[11]  K. Becker,et al.  Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish , 2001 .

[12]  Storebakken,et al.  Cholesterol and short‐chain fatty acids in diets for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.): effects on growth, organ indices, macronutrient digestibility, and fatty acid composition , 1999 .

[13]  M. Metian,et al.  Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects , 2008 .

[14]  J. Folch,et al.  A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. , 1957, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[15]  R. Chou,et al.  Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum , 2004 .

[16]  G. Allan,et al.  A feed is only as good as its ingredients – a review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds , 2007 .

[17]  J. Belleville,et al.  Dietary protein level and origin (casein and highly purified soybean protein) affect hepatic storage, plasma lipid transport, and antioxidative defense status in the rat. , 2000, Nutrition.

[18]  J. Cravedi,et al.  Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential estrogenic or antigenic effects, cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , 1995 .

[19]  R. Twibell,et al.  Preliminary evidence that cholesterol improves growth and feed intake of soybean meal-based diets in aquaria studies with juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , 2004 .

[20]  Kyeong‐Jun Lee,et al.  Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus , 2009 .

[21]  P. Gatta,et al.  Increasing dietary plant proteins affects growth performance and ammonia excretion but not digestibility and gut histology in turbot (Psetta maxima) juveniles , 2011 .

[22]  S. Kaushik,et al.  Partial or total replacement of fish meal by corn gluten meal in diet for turbot (Psetta maxima) , 1999 .

[23]  S. Peña-Llopis,et al.  Effect of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources on non-specific defence mechanisms and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) , 2005 .

[24]  Wenbing Zhang,et al.  Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and protein sources on growth performance and cholesterol metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) , 2009 .

[25]  D. Bureau,et al.  Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth, feed utilization and carcass composition of cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides) , 2006 .

[26]  M. A. Olvera‐Novoa,et al.  Effect of dietary cholesterol on growth and survival of juvenile redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus under laboratory conditions , 2004 .

[27]  J. Blond,et al.  Highly purified soybean protein is not hypocholesterolemic in rats but stimulates cholesterol synthesis and excretion and reduces polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. , 1998, The Journal of nutrition.

[28]  Joana Silva,et al.  Senegalese sole juveniles (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) grow equally well on diets devoid of fish meal provided the dietary amino acids are balanced , 2009 .

[29]  Wei Xu,et al.  Effects of replacing fish meal with soy protein concentrate on feed intake and growth of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus , 2006 .

[30]  A. Lemme,et al.  Can Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grow on diets devoid of fish meal , 2006 .

[31]  Takeshi Yamamoto,et al.  Supplemental effect of bile salts to soybean meal-based diet on growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , 2007, Fisheries Science.

[32]  S. Kaushik.  Whole body amino acid composition of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and turbot {Psetta maxima) with an estimation of their IAA requirement profiles , 1998 .

[33]  K. Ebihara,et al.  The Protease-Resistant Fraction of Smoked, Dried Bonito Lowers Serum Cholesterol in Ovariectomized Rats Fed Cholesterol-Free Diets , 2005 .

[34]  E. Desbruyéres,et al.  Incorporation of a mixture of plant feedstuffs as substitute for fish meal in diets of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) , 2004 .

[35]  W. Walsh,et al.  Evaluation of cholesterol additions to a soyabean meal‐based diet for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Boone), in an outdoor growth trial , 1996 .

[36]  G. Rosenlund,et al.  Total replacement of fish meal with plant proteins in diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) I — Effects on growth and protein retention , 2007 .

[37]  S. Sheen.  Dietary cholesterol requirement of juvenile mud crab Scylla serrata , 2000 .

[38]  G. Zamaratskaia,et al.  Comparison of cytochrome P450 concentrations and metabolic activities in porcine hepatic microsomes prepared with two different methods. , 2011, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[39]  W. Horwitz,et al.  Official methods of analysis of AOAC International , 2010 .

[40]  K. Dąbrowski,et al.  Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review , 2007 .