Active Nanophotonic Circuitry Based on Dielectric‐loaded Plasmonic Waveguides

Surface plasmon polaritons provide a unique opportunity to localize and guide optical signals on deeply subwavelength scales and can be used as a prospective information carrier in highly integrated photonic circuits. Dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides present a particular interest for applications offering a unique platform for the realization of integrated active functionalities. This includes active control of plasmonic propagation using thermo-optic, electro-optic, and all-optical switching as well as compensation of propagation losses. In this review, the principles and performance of such waveguides are discussed and the current status of the related active plasmonic components which can be integrated in silicon or other nanophotonic circuitries is summarized. A comparison of dielectric-loaded and other plasmonic waveguides is presented and various material platforms and design pathways are discussed.

[1]  E. Haller,et al.  Ultrafast direct modulation of a single-mode photonic crystal nanocavity light-emitting diode , 2011, 2012 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[2]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide-ring resonators. , 2009, Optics express.

[3]  María Ujué González,et al.  Design and properties of dielectric surface plasmon Bragg mirrors. , 2010, Optics express.

[4]  D. Miller,et al.  Routing and photodetection in subwavelength plasmonic slot waveguides , 2012 .

[5]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Power monitoring in dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides. , 2011, Optics express.

[6]  Wolfgang Freude,et al.  Surface plasmon polariton absorption modulator. , 2011, Optics express.

[7]  Nikos Pleros,et al.  Active plasmonics in WDM traffic switching applications , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[8]  Joris Van Campenhout,et al.  Non-blocking 4x4 electro-optic silicon switch for on-chip photonic networks. , 2011, Optics express.

[9]  Werner Schrenk,et al.  Monolithically integrated mid-infrared lab-on-a-chip using plasmonics and quantum cascade structures , 2014, Nature Communications.

[10]  Y. Massoud,et al.  Optimizing Dielectric Strips Over a Metallic Substrate for Subwavelength Light Confinement , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[11]  N. Harris,et al.  Efficient, compact and low loss thermo-optic phase shifter in silicon. , 2014, Optics express.

[12]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Fiber-coupled dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. , 2010, Optics express.

[13]  H. Chu,et al.  Compact and efficient coupler to interface hybrid dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide with silicon photonic slab waveguide , 2012 .

[14]  Nikos Pleros,et al.  Dielectric‐loaded plasmonic waveguide components: Going practical , 2013 .

[15]  Zheng Zheng,et al.  Symmetric hybrid surface plasmon polariton waveguides for 3D photonic integration. , 2009, Optics express.

[16]  Fouad Karouta,et al.  Lasing in metal-insulator-metal sub-wavelength plasmonic waveguides. , 2009, Optics express.

[17]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Passive photonic elements based on dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides , 2007 .

[18]  Ke Liu,et al.  Thermo-optically tunable silicon photonic crystal light modulator. , 2010, Optics letters.

[19]  Werner Schrenk,et al.  Monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using narrow mode operation and temperature feedback , 2015 .

[20]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Bend- and splitting loss of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides. , 2008, Optics express.

[21]  Anatoly V Zayats,et al.  Guiding light at the nanoscale: numerical optimization of ultrasubwavelength metallic wire plasmonic waveguides. , 2011, Optics letters.

[22]  N. Zheludev,et al.  Active plasmonics: Controlling signals in Au/Ga waveguide using nanoscale structural transformations , 2003, cond-mat/0310530.

[23]  Jacob B. Khurgin,et al.  Comparative analysis of spasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and surface-plasmon-emitting diodes , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[24]  Zheng Zheng,et al.  Dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide with a holey ridge for propagation-loss reduction and subwavelength mode confinement. , 2010, Optics express.

[25]  F. García-Vidal,et al.  Efficient unidirectional ridge excitation of surface plasmons. , 2009, Optics express.

[26]  H. Lezec,et al.  All-optical modulation by plasmonic excitation of CdSe quantum dots , 2007 .

[27]  Cui Yiping,et al.  Bound modes analysis of symmetric dielectric loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides. , 2009, Optics express.

[28]  Harald Ditlbacher,et al.  Dielectric stripes on gold as surface plasmon waveguides: Bends and directional couplers , 2007 .

[29]  D. Sarid.  Long-Range Surface-Plasma Waves on Very Thin Metal Films , 1981 .

[30]  David A. B. Miller,et al.  Device Requirements for Optical Interconnects to Silicon Chips , 2009, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[31]  Volker J. Sorger,et al.  Review and perspective on ultrafast wavelength‐size electro‐optic modulators , 2015 .

[32]  Romain Quidant,et al.  Performance of electro-optical plasmonic ring resonators at telecom wavelengths. , 2012, Optics express.

[33]  Eyal Feigenbaum,et al.  Efficient coupling between dielectric-loaded plasmonic and silicon photonic waveguides. , 2010, Nano letters.

[34]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Thermo-optic control of dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide components. , 2010, Optics express.

[35]  Jeffrey N. Anker,et al.  Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. , 2008, Nature materials.

[36]  Karim Hassan,et al.  Thermo-optical control of dielectric loaded plasmonic racetrack resonators , 2011 .

[37]  Mikhail Grishin.  Advances in Solid State Lasers Development and Applications , 2010 .

[38]  A. Maradudin,et al.  Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons , 2005 .

[39]  A. Mizrahi,et al.  Thresholdless nanoscale coaxial lasers , 2011, Nature.

[40]  R. Rosenfeld.  Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[41]  Mark L Brongersma,et al.  A nonvolatile plasmonic switch employing photochromic molecules. , 2008, Nano letters.

[42]  Michael Watts,et al.  Coupling-induced resonance frequency shifts in coupled dielectric multi-cavity filters. , 2006, Optics express.

[43]  H. Lezec,et al.  Electrooptic modulation in thin film barium titanate plasmonic interferometers. , 2008, Nano letters.

[44]  M. Quinten.  Optical Properties of Nanoparticle Systems: Mie and Beyond , 2011 .

[45]  Qianfan Xu,et al.  Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator , 2005, Nature.

[46]  H. Chu,et al.  Integration of plasmonics into nanoelectronic circuits , 2010 .

[47]  Harald Giessen,et al.  Nanoantenna-enhanced gas sensing in a single tailored nanofocus , 2011, CLEO: 2011 - Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[48]  Qihuang Gong,et al.  Hybrid long-range surface plasmon-polariton modes with tight field confinement guided by asymmetrical waveguides. , 2009, Optics express.

[49]  W. Cai,et al.  Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation. , 2010, Nature materials.

[50]  P. Wei,et al.  Enhancing surface plasmon polariton propagation by two-layer dielectric-loaded waveguides on silver surface , 2014 .

[51]  Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi,et al.  Compact on-Chip Temperature Sensors Based on Dielectric-Loaded Plasmonic Waveguide-Ring Resonators , 2011, Sensors.

[52]  A. Dereux,et al.  Ultracompact and Low-Power Plasmonic MZI Switch Using Cyclomer Loading , 2015, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[53]  Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi,et al.  Theoretical analysis of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides , 2007 .

[54]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Direct laser-writing of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon–polariton waveguides for the visible and near infrared , 2010 .

[55]  David J. Thomson,et al.  Silicon optical modulators , 2010 .

[56]  Raphael C. Pooser,et al.  Plasmonic Trace Sensing below the Photon Shot Noise Limit , 2016 .

[57]  Kristjan Leosson,et al.  Long-range dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides operating at telecommunication wavelengths. , 2011, Optics letters.

[58]  Romain Quidant,et al.  Optically-programmable nonlinear photonic component for dielectric-loaded plasmonic circuitry. , 2011, Optics express.

[59]  Raluca Dinu,et al.  High-speed plasmonic phase modulators , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[60]  Xiaobo Yin,et al.  Experimental demonstration of low-loss optical waveguiding at deep sub-wavelength scales , 2011 .

[61]  L. Liz‐Marzán,et al.  Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle , 2007 .

[62]  S. Papaioannou,et al.  A 320 Gb/s-Throughput Capable 2 $\,\times\,$2 Silicon-Plasmonic Router Architecture for Optical Interconnects , 2011, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[63]  Marlan O Scully,et al.  Large enhancement of nonlinear optical phenomena by plasmonic nanocavity gratings. , 2010, Nano letters.

[64]  M. Gather,et al.  Advances in small lasers , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[65]  Er-Ping Li,et al.  Hybrid Dielectric-Loaded Plasmonic Waveguide-Based Power Splitter and Ring Resonator: Compact Size and High Optical Performance for Nanophotonic Circuits , 2011 .

[66]  H. Miyazaki,et al.  Squeezing visible light waves into a 3-nm-thick and 55-nm-long plasmon cavity. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[67]  S. Maier,et al.  Nonlinearly coupled localized plasmon resonances: Resonant second-harmonic generation , 2012 .

[68]  Z. Zhu,et al.  Compact and broadband directional coupling and demultiplexing in dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides based on the multimode interference effect , 2013 .

[69]  Ray T. Chen,et al.  Large optical spectral range dispersion engineered silicon-based photonic crystal waveguide modulator. , 2012, Optics express.

[70]  Gong Qi-huang,et al.  Bending Loss Calculation of a Dielectric-Loaded Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguide Structure , 2010 .

[71]  Xing Zhu,et al.  Excitation of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton observed by using near-field optical microscopy , 2008 .

[72]  S. Bozhevolnyi,et al.  Organic nanofiber-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides. , 2011, Optics express.

[73]  Semi-elliptical dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides ☆ , 2011 .

[74]  S. Bozhevolnyi,et al.  Theoretical Analysis of Long-Range Dielectric-Loaded Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides , 2010, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[75]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Laser-fabricated dielectric optical components for surface plasmon polaritons. , 2006, Optics letters.

[76]  Pierre Berini,et al.  Theory of surface plasmon-polariton amplification in planar structures incorporating dipolar gain media , 2008 .

[77]  Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi,et al.  Dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides at telecommunication wavelengths: Excitation and characterization , 2008 .

[78]  High-contrast modulation of light with light by control of surface plasmon polariton wave coupling , 2004, cond-mat/0405448.

[79]  H. Avramopoulos,et al.  Active Plasmonics in True Data Traffic Applications: Thermo-Optic On/Off Gating Using a Silicon-Plasmonic Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometer , 2012, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[80]  Steven R. Emory,et al.  Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering , 1997, Science.

[81]  A. Dereux,et al.  Efficient thermo-optically controlled Mach-Zhender interferometers using dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides , 2012 .

[82]  G. W. Ford,et al.  Electromagnetic interactions of molecules with metal surfaces , 1984 .

[83]  D. Koller,et al.  Organic plasmon-emitting diode , 2008 .

[84]  David Hillerkuss,et al.  All-plasmonic Mach–Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[85]  On-chip detection of radiation guided by dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. , 2015, Nano letters.

[86]  Robert A. Satten,et al.  Spectra and energy levels of rare earth ions in crystals , 1968 .

[87]  Emergence of Anderson localization in plasmonic waveguides. , 2011, Optics letters.

[88]  Nikolay I. Zheludev,et al.  Ultrafast active plasmonics: transmission and control of femtosecond plasmon signals , 2008 .

[89]  Wayne Dickson,et al.  Dielectric-loaded plasmonic nanoantenna arrays: A metamaterial with tuneable optical properties , 2007 .

[90]  Er-Ping Li,et al.  Optical performance of single-mode hybrid dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide-based components , 2010 .

[91]  Sailing He,et al.  Novel surface plasmon waveguide for high integration. , 2005, Optics express.

[92]  C. García,et al.  Experimental characterization of dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide-racetrack resonators at near-infrared wavelengths , 2012 .

[93]  L. Douillard,et al.  Loss mechanisms of surface plasmon polaritons propagating on a smooth polycrystalline Cu surface. , 2012, Optics express.

[94]  Hong Yang,et al.  Dielectric-loaded surface plasmon–polariton nanowaveguides fabricated by two-photon polymerization , 2009 .

[95]  A. Morimoto,et al.  Guiding of a one-dimensional optical beam with nanometer diameter. , 1997, Optics letters.

[96]  D. Bergman,et al.  Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation: quantum generation of coherent surface plasmons in nanosystems. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[97]  Xing Zhu,et al.  Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide Based on Tapered Dielectric Nanoribbon: Excitation and Focusing , 2010 .

[98]  Vladimir M Shalaev,et al.  The Case for Plasmonics , 2010, Science.

[99]  A. Bernussi,et al.  Resonant coupling in dielectric loaded plasmonic waveguides , 2010 .

[100]  C. Callender,et al.  Long-range surface plasmon polariton waveguides embedded in fluorinated polymer. , 2008, Applied optics.

[101]  Theoretical Analysis of Long-Range Dielectric-Loaded Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides , 2011 .

[102]  A. Zayats,et al.  All-optical active components for dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides , 2010 .

[103]  A Kumar,et al.  0.48Tb/s (12x40Gb/s) WDM transmission and high-quality thermo-optic switching in dielectric loaded plasmonics. , 2012, Optics express.

[104]  Harald Ditlbacher,et al.  Dielectric stripes on gold as surface plasmon waveguides , 2006 .

[105]  Anatoly V Zayats,et al.  Numerical analysis of long-range surface plasmon polariton modes in nanoscale plasmonic waveguides. , 2010, Optics letters.

[106]  Qiang Li,et al.  Two-Dimensional Analysis Photothermal Properties in Nanoscale Plasmonic Waveguides for Optical Interconnect , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[107]  G. Millot,et al.  Grating Couplers for Fiber-to-Fiber Characterizations of Stand-Alone Dielectric Loaded Surface Plasmon Waveguide Components , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[108]  V. Shalaev,et al.  Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser , 2009, Nature.

[109]  G. Wurtz,et al.  Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing. , 2009, Nature materials.

[110]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Wavelength selection by dielectric-loaded plasmonic components , 2009 .

[111]  Emmanouil E. Kriezis,et al.  Microdisk resonator filters made of dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides , 2010 .

[112]  A. Zayats,et al.  Amplified spontaneous emission of surface plasmon polaritons and limitations on the increase of their propagation length. , 2010, Optics letters.

[113]  A. Zayats,et al.  Photonic signal processing on electronic scales: electro-optical field-effect nanoplasmonic modulator. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[114]  Jesper Jung,et al.  Scaling for gap plasmon based waveguides. , 2008, Optics express.

[115]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Electro-optic switching element for dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides , 2010 .

[116]  Anatoly V Zayats,et al.  Data storage: The third plasmonic revolution. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[117]  Cascaded second-order surface plasmon solitons due to intrinsic metal nonlinearity , 2012, 1209.3063.

[118]  Kai Liu,et al.  Rainbow Trapping in Hyperbolic Metamaterial Waveguide , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[119]  H. Raether.  Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings , 1988 .

[120]  Pierre Berini,et al.  Figures of merit for 2D surface plasmon waveguides and application to metal stripes. , 2007, Optics express.

[121]  A. Bouhelier,et al.  Leakage radiation microscopy of surface plasmon coupled emission: investigation of gain‐assisted propagation in an integrated plasmonic waveguide , 2010, Journal of microscopy.

[122]  Pierre Berini,et al.  Surface plasmon waveguide Schottky detector. , 2010, Optics express.

[123]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Experimental demonstration of dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide disk resonators at telecom wavelengths , 2011 .

[124]  H. Rubahn,et al.  Morphological tuning of the plasmon dispersion relation in dielectric-loaded nanofiber waveguides. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[125]  Xiaoping Zhang,et al.  Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing with Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides , 2014, Plasmonics.

[126]  Soon-Hong Kwon,et al.  A double-strip plasmonic waveguide coupled to an electrically driven nanowire LED. , 2013, Nano letters.

[127]  G. Wiederrecht,et al.  Designed ultrafast optical nonlinearity in a plasmonic nanorod metamaterial enhanced by nonlocality. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[128]  María Ujué González,et al.  Polymer-metal waveguides characterization by Fourier plane leakage radiation microscopy , 2007 .

[129]  David A B Miller,et al.  Energy consumption in optical modulators for interconnects. , 2012, Optics express.

[130]  D. Tan,et al.  Ultra-large nonlinear parameter in graphene-silicon waveguide structures. , 2014, Optics express.

[131]  Shiyang Zhu,et al.  Components for silicon plasmonic nanocircuits based on horizontal Cu-SiO₂-Si-SiO₂-Cu nanoplasmonic waveguides. , 2012, Optics express.

[132]  C. García,et al.  Partial loss compensation in dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides at near infra-red wavelengths. , 2012, Optics express.

[133]  Evelyn L. Hu,et al.  Ultrafast all-optical switching by single photons , 2011, Nature Photonics.

[134]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Wavelength-selective directional coupling with dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. , 2009, Optics letters.

[135]  R. W. Christy,et al.  Optical Constants of the Noble Metals , 1972 .

[136]  Anatoly V Zayats,et al.  Silicon-based plasmonic waveguides. , 2010, Optics express.

[137]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Efficient excitation of dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguide modes at telecommunication wavelengths , 2008 .

[138]  Laurent Markey,et al.  Fiber-pigtailed temperature sensors based on dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide-ring resonators. , 2011, Optics express.

[139]  Marco Grande,et al.  Asymmetric hybrid double dielectric loaded plasmonic waveguides for sensing applications , 2013 .

[140]  A Bouhelier,et al.  Excitation of surface plasmon polaritons guided mode by Rhodamine B molecules doped in a PMMA stripe. , 2010, Optics letters.

[141]  H. Ming,et al.  Multimode interference splitter based on dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides. , 2009, Optics express.

[142]  L. O'Faolain,et al.  Ultrashort Photonic Crystal Optical Switch Actuated by a Microheater , 2009, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[143]  Harry A. Atwater,et al.  Optical pulse propagation in metal nanoparticle chain waveguides , 2003 .

[144]  D. Newman,et al.  Crystal Field Handbook , 2007 .

[145]  R. Dasari,et al.  Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) , 1997 .

[146]  Mark L. Brongersma,et al.  Electrically driven subwavelength optical nanocircuits , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[147]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Three-dimensional numerical modeling of photonic integration with dielectric-loaded SPP waveguides , 2008 .

[148]  Pierre Berini,et al.  Amplification of long-range surface plasmons by a dipolar gain medium , 2010 .

[149]  J. Dionne,et al.  Quantum plasmon resonances of individual metallic nanoparticles , 2012, Nature.

[150]  Jingjun Xu,et al.  Nanostructured Plasmonic Medium for Terahertz Bandwidth All‐Optical Switching , 2011, Advanced materials.

[151]  Philippe Regreny,et al.  Subwavelength plasmonic lasing from a semiconductor nanodisk with silver nanopan cavity. , 2010, Nano letters.

[152]  Ewold Verhagen,et al.  Nanowire plasmon excitation by adiabatic mode transformation. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[153]  James S. Fakonas,et al.  Two-plasmon quantum interference , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[154]  I. P. Radko,et al.  Stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons by lead-sulphide quantum dots at near infra-red wavelengths. , 2010, Optics express.

[155]  Burke,et al.  Surface-polariton-like waves guided by thin, lossy metal films. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[156]  Rupert F. Oulton,et al.  Confinement and propagation characteristics of subwavelength plasmonic modes , 2008 .

[157]  Anatoly V. Zayats,et al.  Plasmonic waveguide as an efficient transducer for high-density data storage , 2009 .

[158]  B. Chichkov,et al.  Novel efficient design of Y-splitter for surface plasmon polariton applications. , 2008, Optics express.

[159]  Wayne Dickson,et al.  Eliminating material constraints for nonlinearity with plasmonic metamaterials , 2015, Nature Communications.

[160]  Anatoly V Zayats,et al.  Surface plasmon polariton amplification upon electrical injection in highly integrated plasmonic circuits. , 2012, Nano letters.

[161]  Hong Zhao,et al.  On the characteristics of commonly nonideal rectangular ridge dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides in practical fabrication processing , 2012 .

[162]  A. Dereux,et al.  Design and Characterization of Dielectric-Loaded Plasmonic Directional Couplers , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[163]  F. Diederich,et al.  All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon–organic hybrid slot waveguides , 2009 .

[164]  Nikolay I. Zheludev,et al.  Active control of surface plasmon-polariton waves , 2005 .

[165]  Wayne Dickson,et al.  All-plasmonic modulation via stimulated emission of copropagating surface plasmon polaritons on a substrate with gain. , 2011, Nano letters.

[166]  R. Kashyap.  Fiber Bragg Gratings , 1999 .

[167]  A. Dereux,et al.  Efficient photo-thermal activation of gold nanoparticle-doped polymer plasmonic switches. , 2012, Optics express.

[168]  Tai-Hsiang Jen,et al.  Near-Field Coupling Method for Subwavelength Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides , 2011 .

[169]  X. Zhang,et al.  A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation , 2008 .

[170]  A. Boltasseva,et al.  Directional Couplers Using Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides , 2006, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[171]  D. Van Thourhout,et al.  Low-loss SOI photonic wires and ring resonators fabricated with deep UV lithography , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[172]  G. Wurtz,et al.  Bulk plasmon-polaritons in hyperbolic nanorod metamaterial waveguides , 2015, Laser & photonics reviews.

[173]  E. Kriezis,et al.  Liquid crystal-based dielectric loaded surface plasmon polariton optical switches , 2011 .

[174]  Alexey V. Krasavin,et al.  Nonperturbative hydrodynamic model for multiple harmonics generation in metallic nanostructures , 2014, 1405.4903.

[175]  H. Ditlbacher,et al.  Organic diodes as monolithically integrated surface plasmon polariton detectors , 2006 .

[176]  Cui Yiping,et al.  Characteristics analysis of a hybrid surface plasmonic waveguide with nanometric confinement and high optical intensity , 2009 .

[177]  Junichi Takahara,et al.  Low-Dimensional Optical Waves And Nano-Optical Circuits , 2004 .

[178]  Ray T. Chen,et al.  Recent advances in silicon-based passive and active optical interconnects. , 2015, Optics express.

[179]  Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi,et al.  Experimental demonstration of CMOS-compatible long-range dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides (LR-DLSPPWs) , 2014, 2015 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN).

[180]  A. Bouhelier,et al.  Optical gain, spontaneous and stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons in confined plasmonic waveguide. , 2010, Optics express.

[181]  H. Avramopoulos,et al.  Data Transmission and Thermo-Optic Tuning Performance of Dielectric-Loaded Plasmonic Structures Hetero-Integrated on a Silicon Chip , 2012, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[182]  D. Psaltis,et al.  Nonlinear optical properties of core-shell nanocavities for enhanced second-harmonic generation. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[183]  Q. Lu,et al.  Toward integrated electrically controllable directional coupling based on dielectric loaded graphene plasmonic waveguide. , 2015, Optics letters.

[184]  Er-Ping Li,et al.  Hybrid dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide and wavelength selective components for efficiently controlling light at subwavelength scale , 2011 .

[185]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  Room-temperature sub-diffraction-limited plasmon laser by total internal reflection. , 2010, Nature materials.

[186]  H. Avramopoulos,et al.  Interfacing Dielectric-Loaded Plasmonic and Silicon Photonic Waveguides: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Demonstration , 2012, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[187]  B. G. Wybourne,et al.  Optical Spectroscopy of Lanthanides: Magnetic and Hyperfine Interactions , 2007 .

[188]  Guofan Jin,et al.  Integrated plasmonic semi-circular launcher for dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguide. , 2011, Optics express.

[189]  M. Lukin,et al.  Generation of single optical plasmons in metallic nanowires coupled to quantum dots , 2007, Nature.

[190]  Yeshaiahu Fainman,et al.  Gain assisted propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on planar metallic waveguides. , 2004, Optics express.

[191]  Jonathan Grandidier,et al.  Dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides: Figures of merit and mode characterization by image and Fourier plane leakage microscopy , 2008 .

[192]  Xuezhe Zheng,et al.  Submilliwatt, ultrafast and broadband electro-optic silicon switches. , 2010, Optics express.

[193]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators , 2006, Nature.

[194]  A. Requicha,et al.  Plasmonics—A Route to Nanoscale Optical Devices , 2001 .

[195]  Jonathan Grandidier,et al.  Gain-assisted propagation in a plasmonic waveguide at telecom wavelength. , 2009, Nano letters.

[196]  James S. Fakonas,et al.  Path entanglement of surface plasmons , 2015 .

[197]  S. Kawata,et al.  Plasmonics for near-field nano-imaging and superlensing , 2009 .