Thermally excited vibrations of composite viscoelastic two-layer beams with interfacial slip are analyzed. Geometrically linearized conditions are considered, and the Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis is applied to each layer. At the interface a linear viscoelastic slip law is assigned. The resulting sixth-order initial boundary value problem of the deflection is solved in the time domain by separating the dynamic response in a quasistatic and a complementary dynamic portions. The quasistatic solution is determined in closed form, and the remaining complementary dynamic part is approximated by a truncated modal series that exhibits accelerated convergence. Numerical results are obtained for single-span composite beams with interlayer slip by means of a time-stepping procedure based on the linear interpolation of the driving terms within the time intervals.