论文信息 - Comparing State and District Test Results to National Norms: The Validity of Claims That “Everyone Is Above Average”

Comparing State and District Test Results to National Norms: The Validity of Claims That “Everyone Is Above Average”

Are all states and nearly all districts claiming that their students are above the national average? If so, are the test results “inflated and misleading?” What are the factors that contribute to the abundance of “above average” scores?

[1] John J. Cannell,et al. Nationally Normed Elementary Achievement Testing in America's Public Schools: How All 50 States Are Above the National Average , 1988 .

[2] Gary W. Phillips,et al. The Lake Wobegon Effect: A Skeleton in the Testing Closet? , 1988 .