WISDOM project-I: black hole mass measurement using molecular gas kinematics in NGC 3665

As a part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM) project, we present an estimate of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby fast-rotator early-type galaxy NGC 3665. We obtained the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA) B and C array observations of the 12CO(J = 2 − 1) emission line with a combined angular resolution of 0.59 arcsec. We analysed and modelled the three-dimensional molecular gas kinematics, obtaining a best-fitting SMBH mass MBH=5.75+1.49−1.18×108 MBH=5.75−1.18+1.49×108 M⊙, a mass-to-light ratio at H-band (M/L)H = 1.45 ± 0.04 (M/L)⊙,H and other parameters describing the geometry of the molecular gas disc (statistical errors, all at 3σ confidence). We estimate the systematic uncertainties on the stellar M/L to be ≈0.2 (M/L)⊙,H, and on the SMBH mass to be ≈0.4 × 108 M⊙. The measured SMBH mass is consistent with that estimated from the latest correlations with galaxy properties. Following our older works, we also analysed and modelled the kinematics using only the major-axis position–velocity diagram, and conclude that the two methods are consistent.

[1]  Alan Dressler,et al.  Stellar dynamics in the nuclei of M31 and M32 - evidence for massive black holes , 1988 .

[2]  Naomasa Nakai,et al.  Evidence for a black hole from high rotation velocities in a sub-parsec region of NGC4258 , 1995, Nature.

[3]  H. Ford,et al.  Evidence for a Massive Black Hole in the Active Galaxy NGC 4261 from Hubble Space Telescope Images and Spectra , 1996 .

[4]  A. Marconi,et al.  The Supermassive Black Hole of M87 and the Kinematics of Its Associated Gaseous Disk , 1997 .

[5]  Ralf Bender,et al.  The Demography of massive dark objects in galaxy centers , 1997, astro-ph/9708072.

[6]  Laura Ferrarese David Merritt.  A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0006053.

[7]  M. Cappellari.  Efficient multi-Gaussian expansion of galaxies , 2002, astro-ph/0201430.

[8]  Kartik Sheth,et al.  The BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (BIMA SONG). II. The CO Data , 2002 .

[9]  M. Cappellari,et al.  The Counterrotating Core and the Black Hole Mass of IC 1459 , 2002, astro-ph/0202155.

[10]  A Fundamental plane of black hole activity , 2003, astro-ph/0305261.

[11]  Axisymmetric Dynamical Models of the Central Regions of Galaxies , 2002, astro-ph/0209483.

[12]  A. Marconi,et al.  The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity , 2003, astro-ph/0304274.

[13]  Molecular Gas in NUclei of GAlaxies (NUGA). I. The counter-rotating LINER NGC 4826 , 2003, astro-ph/0306140.

[14]  K. Lo.  MEGA-MASERS AND GALAXIES , 2005 .

[15]  M. Valluri,et al.  The Low End of the Supermassive Black Hole Mass Function: Constraining the Mass of a Nuclear Black Hole in NGC 205 via Stellar Kinematics , 2005, astro-ph/0502493.

[16]  P. T. de Zeeuw,et al.  The Central Parsecs of Centaurus A: High-excitation Gas, a Molecular Disk, and the Mass of the Black Hole , 2007, 0709.1877.

[17]  S. Roweis,et al.  K-Corrections and Filter Transformations in the Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-Infrared , 2006, astro-ph/0606170.

[18]  Kinematics of the Local Universe. XIII. 21-cm line measurements of 452 galaxies with the Nançay radiotelescope, JHK Tully-Fisher relation, and preliminary maps of the peculiar velocity field , 2006, astro-ph/0611626.

[19]  Jessica R. Lu,et al.  Measuring Distance and Properties of the Milky Way’s Central Supermassive Black Hole with Stellar Orbits , 2008, 0808.2870.

[20]  Italy.,et al.  Measuring supermassive black holes with gas kinematics. II. The LINERs IC 989 , NGC 5077 , and NGC 6500 , 2007, 0801.0064.

[21]  Michele Cappellari,et al.  Measuring the inclination and mass-to-light ratio of axisymmetric galaxies via anisotropic Jeans models of stellar kinematics , 2008, 0806.0042.

[22]  T. D. Matteo,et al.  Direct Cosmological Simulations of the Growth of Black Holes and Galaxies , 2007, 0705.2269.

[23]  Ralf Bender,et al.  THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 10/09/06 THE M–σ AND M–L RELATIONS IN GALACTIC BULGES, AND DETERMINATIONS OF THEIR INTRINSIC SCATTER , 2008 .

[24]  The Bologna complete sample of nearby radio sources. II. Phase referenced observations of faint nucl , 2009, 0908.4391.

[25]  R. Davies,et al.  The ATLAS3D project – I. A volume-limited sample of 260 nearby early-type galaxies: science goals and selection criteria , 2010, 1012.1551.

[26]  Jifeng Liu.  CHANDRA ACIS SURVEY OF X-RAY POINT SOURCES IN 383 NEARBY GALAXIES. I. THE SOURCE CATALOG , 2008, 0811.0804.

[27]  Timothy A. Davis,et al.  The ATLAS3D project – III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early‐type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators , 2011, 1102.4444.

[28]  M. Reid,et al.  THE MEGAMASER COSMOLOGY PROJECT. III. ACCURATE MASSES OF SEVEN SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN ACTIVE GALAXIES WITH CIRCUMNUCLEAR MEGAMASER DISKS , 2010, 1008.2146.

[29]  K. Alatalo,et al.  The ATLAS3D project – IV. The molecular gas content of early-type galaxies , 2011, 1102.4633.

[30]  John E. Krist,et al.  20 years of Hubble Space Telescope optical modeling using Tiny Tim , 2011 .

[31]  Tod R. Lauer,et al.  Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies , 2011, Nature.

[32]  Canada.,et al.  On the correlations between galaxy properties and supermassive black hole mass , 2011, 1109.6265.

[33]  A. V. D. Wel,et al.  An over-massive black hole in the compact lenticular galaxy NGC 1277 , 2012, Nature.

[34]  Timothy A. Davis,et al.  The ATLAS3D project XV: benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, fundamental plane and mass plane , 2012, 1208.3522.

[35]  R. Bender,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF DARK MATTER HALOS ON DYNAMICAL ESTIMATES OF BLACK HOLE MASS: 10 NEW MEASUREMENTS FOR HIGH-σ EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES , 2013, 1306.1124.

[36]  L. Ferrarese,et al.  SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND THEIR HOST GALAXIES. I. BULGE LUMINOSITIES FROM DEDICATED NEAR-INFRARED DATA , 2013, 1311.1530.

[37]  Chung-Pei Ma,et al.  REVISITING THE SCALING RELATIONS OF BLACK HOLE MASSES AND HOST GALAXY PROPERTIES , 2012, 1211.2816.

[38]  L. Ho,et al.  Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Supplemental Material , 2013, 1304.7762.

[39]  University of California,et al.  THE M87 BLACK HOLE MASS FROM GAS-DYNAMICAL MODELS OF SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH OBSERVATIONS , 2013, 1304.7273.

[40]  T. Davis,et al.  A black-hole mass measurement from molecular gas kinematics in NGC4526 , 2013, Nature.

[41]  K. Alatalo,et al.  The ATLAS3D project XVIII: CARMA CO imaging survey of early-type galaxies , 2012, 1210.5524.

[42]  S. Borgani,et al.  Kinetic or thermal AGN feedback in simulations of isolated and merging disc galaxies calibrated by the M-σ relation , 2013, 1307.5326.

[43]  T. Davis.  A figure of merit for black hole mass measurements with molecular gas , 2014, 1406.2555.

[44]  K. Alatalo,et al.  The ATLAS3D Project – XXVIII. Dynamically driven star formation suppression in early-type galaxies , 2014, 1403.4850.

[45]  European Southern Observatory,et al.  A 5 × 109 M⊙ BLACK HOLE IN NGC 1277 FROM ADAPTIVE OPTICS SPECTROSCOPY , 2015, 1511.04455.

[46]  A. Eckart,et al.  The nuclear gas disk of NGC 1566 dissected by SINFONI and ALMA , 2015, 1508.02664.

[47]  K. Onishi,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF THE BLACK HOLE MASS IN NGC 1097 USING ALMA , 2015, 1506.05917.

[48]  L. Ho,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF THE BLACK HOLE MASS IN NGC 1332 FROM ALMA OBSERVATIONS AT 0.044 ARCSECOND RESOLUTION , 2016, 1605.01346.

[49]  L. Ho,et al.  TOWARD PRECISION BLACK HOLE MASSES WITH ALMA: NGC 1332 AS A CASE STUDY IN MOLECULAR DISK DYNAMICS , 2016, 1603.04523.

[50]  Anca Constantin,et al.  TOWARD PRECISION SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE MASSES USING MEGAMASER DISKS , 2016, 1601.00645.

[51]  K. Alatalo,et al.  The Atlas3D project - XXXI. Nuclear radio emission in nearby early-type galaxies , 2016, 1602.05579.

[52]  K. Onishi,et al.  WISDOM Project – II. Molecular gas measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in NGC 4697 , 2017, 1703.05248.

[53]  T. Davis,et al.  Spatially resolved variations of the IMF mass normalization in early-type galaxies as probed by molecular gas kinematics , 2016, 1609.03559.

[54]  Mauricio Solar,et al.  Astronomical data analysis software and systems , 2018, Astron. Comput..