Measuring Offender Attributes and Engagement in Treatment Using the Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment

Monitoring drug-abuse-treatment delivery and progress requires the use of validated instruments to measure client motivation, psychosocial and cognitive functioning, and other treatment-process dynamics. As part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies project for examining client-performance indicators for treatment of correctional populations, this study examined psychometric properties of the Criminal Justice Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CJ CEST). The sample included 3,266 offenders from 26 corrections-based treatment programs located in six states. Overall, the client assessment demonstrated good reliabilities evaluated at the individual and program levels and in test—retest administrations. In addition, evidence for construct validity was favorable. It is concluded that the CJ CEST is a brief yet comprehensive instrument that effectively and efficiently measures client needs and functioning at intake and also is appropriate for use during treatment to monitor progress over time in corrections-based drug-treatment programs.

[1]  G. de Leon,et al.  Male and female drug abusers: social and psychological status 2 years after treatment in a therapeutic community. , 1981, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[2]  D. Cross,et al.  Structural models of antisocial behavior and during‐treatment performance for probationers in a substance abuse treatment program , 1997 .

[3]  A. Blumstein,et al.  Population Growth in U. S. Prisons, 1980-1996 , 1999, Crime and Justice.

[4]  G. Melnick,et al.  Three-Year Reincarceration Outcomes for Amity In-Prison Therapeutic Community and Aftercare in California , 1999 .

[5]  D. Simpson,et al.  Modeling Year 1 Outcomes with Treatment Process and Post-treatment Social Influences , 2000, Substance use & misuse.

[6]  Barbara M. Byrne,et al.  A Primer of LISREL , 1989 .

[7]  F. Pearson,et al.  A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Corrections-Based Treatments for Drug Abuse , 1999 .

[8]  M. Hiller,et al.  Three-Year Reincarceration Outcomes for In-Prison Therapeutic Community Treatment in Texas , 1999 .

[9]  K. Broome,et al.  Retention and patient engagement models for different treatment modalities in DATOS. , 1999, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[10]  M. Browne,et al.  Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit , 1992 .

[11]  K. Broome,et al.  Depression and hostility as predictors of long-term outcomes among opiate users. , 2004, Addiction.

[12]  G. Leon The Therapeutic Community: Theory, Model, and Method , 2000 .

[13]  D. Simpson,et al.  Client engagement and change during drug abuse treatment. , 1995, Journal of substance abuse.

[14]  D. Kressel,et al.  Measuring Offender Progress in Treatment Using the Client Assessment Inventory , 2007 .

[15]  J. Powell,et al.  Anger, depression, and anxiety following heroin withdrawal. , 1992, The International journal of the addictions.

[16]  S. Shiffman,et al.  Coping and Substance Use: A Conceptual Framework , 1986 .

[17]  D. Simpson,et al.  Depression and Decision-Making among Intravenous Drug Users , 1991, Psychological reports.

[18]  Donald F. Dansereau,et al.  Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. , 1993 .

[19]  P. Bentler Comparative Fit Indices in Structural Models , 1990 .

[20]  C. F. Bond,et al.  One Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described , 2003 .

[21]  K. Sirotnik PSYCHOMETRIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNIT‐OF‐ANALYSIS PROBLEM (WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE) , 1980 .

[22]  J. Prochaska,et al.  Toward a Comprehensive Model of Change , 1986 .

[23]  D. Simpson,et al.  Motivation as a predictor of early dropout from drug abuse treatment. , 1993 .

[24]  D. Simpson,et al.  Drug abuse treatment process components that improve retention. , 1997, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[25]  P. Bentler,et al.  Comparative fit indexes in structural models. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[26]  D D Simpson,et al.  Modeling treatment process and outcomes. , 2001, Addiction.

[27]  G. Sipps,et al.  Interactive effects of counselor-client similarity and client self-esteem on termination type and number of sessions , 1991 .

[28]  W. Miller Motivation for treatment: a review with special emphasis on alcoholism. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[29]  K. Broome,et al.  Measuring patient attributes and engagement in treatment. , 2002, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[30]  James D. Griffith,et al.  A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of In-Prison Therapeutic Community Treatment and Risk Classification , 1999 .

[31]  K. Broome,et al.  Patient and program attributes related to treatment process indicators in DATOS. , 1999, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[32]  Kimora The Emerging Paradigm in Probation and Parole in the United States , 2008 .

[33]  M. Hiller,et al.  Risk Factors That Predict Dropout from Corrections-Based Treatment for Drug Abuse , 1999 .

[34]  Morris Rosenberg,et al.  SELF-ESTEEM AND CONCERN WITH PUBLIC AFFAIRS , 1962 .

[35]  C. Butzin,et al.  Three-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment for Drug-Involved Offenders in Delaware: From Prison to Work Release to Aftercare , 1999 .

[36]  Kevin Knight,et al.  An Assessment for Criminal Thinking , 2006 .

[37]  Yuk Fai Cheong,et al.  HLM 6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling , 2000 .

[38]  Glenn D. Walters,et al.  Risk-Appraisal Versus Self-Report in the Prediction of Criminal Justice Outcomes , 2006 .

[39]  D. Simpson,et al.  Integrative modeling of client engagement and outcomes during the first 6 months of methadone treatment. , 1999, Addictive behaviors.

[40]  R. Borland Taming the tigers: the case for controlling the tobacco market. , 2004, Addiction.

[41]  J. McKay,et al.  Reconsidering the evaluation of addiction treatment: from retrospective follow-up to concurrent recovery monitoring. , 2005, Addiction.

[42]  S. Sacks,et al.  Is In-Prison Treatment Enough? A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Prison-Based Treatment and Aftercare Services for Substance-Abusing Offenders , 2003 .

[43]  Kevin Knight,et al.  Assessing Offender Needs and Performance for Planning and Monitoring Criminal Justice Drug Treatment , 2007 .

[44]  J. S. Long,et al.  Testing Structural Equation Models , 1993 .

[45]  D. Simpson,et al.  A longitudinal evaluation of treatment engagement and recovery stages. , 2004, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[46]  B. Byrne A Primer of Lisrel: Basic Applications and Programming for Confirmatory Factor Analytic Models , 1989 .

[47]  J. M. Webster,et al.  Treating Addicted Offenders: A Continuum of Effective Practices , 2003 .

[48]  M. Vannicelli Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism , 1987 .

[49]  I. Chein Psychological, social, and epidemiological factors in juvenile drug use. , 1980, NIDA research monograph.

[50]  D. Simpson,et al.  A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes. , 2004, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[51]  Eunice Chang,et al.  The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a meta-analysis of comparison group studies. , 2002, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[52]  C. Heckler A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS™ System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling , 1996 .

[53]  M. Levine,et al.  Delinquency, substance abuse, and risk taking in middle‐class adolescents , 1988 .

[54]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[55]  L. Cronbach Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests , 1951 .

[56]  D. Simpson,et al.  Psychosocial correlates of AIDS-risk drug use and sexual behaviors. , 1993, AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education.