Effects of Hadron-Quark Phase Transitions in Hybrid Stars within the NJL Model

We study local and non-local Polyakov Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models and analyze their respective phase transition diagram. We construct hybrid stars using the zero temperature limit of the local and non-local versions of Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model for quark matter and the modern GM1(L) parametrization of the non-linear relativistic mean field model for hadronic matter. We compare our models with data from PSR J1614-2230 and PSR J0343+0432 and also from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart GRB170817A and AT2017gfo. We study observational signatures of the appearance of a mixed phase as a result of modeling a phase transition that mimics the Gibbs formalism and compare the results with the sharp first-order phase transition obtained using the Maxwell construction. We also study in detail the $g$-mode associated with discontinuities in the equation of state, and calculate non-radial oscillation modes using relativistic Cowling approximation.

[1]  I. F. Ranea-Sandoval,et al.  Hybrid Stars in the Framework of NJL Models , 2016, 1612.09485.

[2]  Neutrino Emissivity in the Quark-Hadron Mixed Phase , 2018 .

[3]  D. Alvarez-Castillo,et al.  Mixed phase effects on high-mass twin stars , 2014, Physics of Particles and Nuclei.

[4]  C. Horowitz,et al.  Neutron Skins and Neutron Stars in the Multimessenger Era. , 2017, Physical review letters.

[5]  R. Lynch,et al.  A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary , 2013, Science.

[6]  S. Klevansky.  The Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model of quantum chromodynamics , 1992 .

[7]  I. Bombaci,et al.  Equation of state of dense nuclear matter and neutron star structure from nuclear chiral interactions , 2018, 1805.11846.

[8]  N. Scoccola,et al.  Nonlocal Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with wave function renormalization at finite temperature and chemical potential , 2010 .

[9]  H. Rodrigues,et al.  Quark deconfinement in high-mass neutron stars , 2013, 1308.1657.

[10]  W. Busza,et al.  Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture and the Big Questions , 2018, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science.

[11]  J. Scholl,et al.  Nonradial g-mode oscillations of warm neutron stars , 1983 .

[12]  G. Jona-Lasinio,et al.  Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. II , 1961 .

[13]  A. Vuorinen,et al.  Gravitational-Wave Constraints on the Neutron-Star-Matter Equation of State. , 2017, Physical review letters.

[14]  P. Freire,et al.  H E ] 8 M ar 2 01 6 Masses , Radii , and Equation of State of Neutron Stars , 2016 .

[15]  K. Fukushima.  Phase diagrams in the three-flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with the Polyakov loop , 2008, 0803.3318.

[16]  N. Andersson,et al.  Towards gravitational wave asteroseismology , 1997, gr-qc/9711088.

[17]  D. Dumm,et al.  Covariant nonlocal chiral quark models with separable interactions , 2006, hep-ph/0607023.

[18]  V. Petrov,et al.  A THEORY OF LIGHT QUARKS IN THE INSTANTON VACUUM , 1986 .

[19]  D. Alvarez-Castillo,et al.  Two Novel Approaches to the Hadron-Quark Mixed Phase in Compact Stars , 2018, Universe.

[20]  Zaven Arzoumanian,et al.  THE NANOGRAV NINE-YEAR DATA SET: MASS AND GEOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF BINARY MILLISECOND PULSARS , 2016, 1603.00545.

[21]  K. Fukushima.  Erratum: Phase diagrams in the three-flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with the Polyakov loop [Phys. Rev. D 77, 114028 (2008)] , 2008 .

[22]  D. Dumm,et al.  Strong magnetic fields in nonlocal chiral quark models , 2017, 1709.04742.

[23]  W. Kastaun,et al.  Fundamental oscillation modes of neutron stars: validity of universal relations , 2015, 1501.02970.

[24]  M. Viviani,et al.  Correlations imposed by the unitary limit between few-nucleon systems, nuclear matter, and neutron stars. , 2018, Physical review letters.

[25]  Hans-Thomas Janka,et al.  Neutron-star Radius Constraints from GW170817 and Future Detections , 2017, 1710.06843.

[26]  F. Weber,et al.  Color superconductivity in compact stellar hybrid configurations , 2017 .

[27]  M. Buballa.  COLOR SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN DENSE QUARK MATTER , 2008 .

[28]  K. Kashiwa,et al.  Nonlocal Polyakov–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model and imaginary chemical potential , 2011, 1106.5025.

[29]  Y. Simonov.  Vacuum background fields in QCD as a source of confinement , 1988 .

[30]  Kevin Stovall,et al.  THE GREEN BANK TELESCOPE 350 MHz DRIFT-SCAN SURVEY II: DATA ANALYSIS AND THE TIMING OF 10 NEW PULSARS, INCLUDING A RELATIVISTIC BINARY , 2012, 1209.4296.

[31]  E. Witten.  Cosmic separation of phases , 1984 .

[32]  M. Mariani,et al.  Phase transitions in neutron stars and their links to gravitational waves , 2019, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics.

[33]  A. Tranberg,et al.  Chiral and deconfinement transitions in a magnetic background using the functional renormalization group with the Polyakov loop , 2013, Journal of High Energy Physics.

[34]  J. Schaffner-Bielich,et al.  Signals in the tidal deformability for phase transitions in compact stars with constraints from GW170817 , 2018, Physical Review D.

[35]  J. Schaffner-Bielich,et al.  Imprints of the QCD phase transition on the spectrum of gravitational waves , 2010, 1010.4857.

[36]  D. Dumm,et al.  Nonlocal SU(3) chiral quark models at finite temperature: The role of the Polyakov loop , 2007, 0711.0139.

[37]  B. Kumar,et al.  GW170817: Constraining the nuclear matter equation of state from the neutron star tidal deformability , 2018, Physical Review C.

[38]  V. Weisskopf,et al.  A New Extended Model of Hadrons , 1974 .

[39]  T. G. Cowling,et al.  The non-radial oscillations of polytropic stars , 1941 .

[40]  Dyson-Schwinger Equations: Density, Temperature and Continuum Strong QCD , 2000, nucl-th/0005064.

[41]  L. Finn.  g-modes in zero-temperature neutron stars , 1987 .

[42]  M. Mariani,et al.  Oscillation modes of hybrid stars within the relativistic Cowling approximation , 2018, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

[43]  D. Dumm,et al.  Light pseudoscalar mesons in a nonlocal SU(3) chiral quark model , 2003, hep-ph/0311030.

[44]  I. Vidaña,et al.  Formation of hybrid stars from metastable hadronic stars , 2013, 1311.0618.

[45]  D. Psaltis,et al.  Tidal Deformability from GW170817 as a Direct Probe of the Neutron Star Radius , 2018, 1803.07687.

[46]  A. Sedrakian,et al.  Composition and stability of hybrid stars with hyperons and quark color-superconductivity , 2011, 1108.0559.

[47]  S. Schramm,et al.  Modeling Hybrid Stars with an SU(3) non-linear sigma model , 2010, 1006.0380.

[48]  J. Schaffner-Bielich,et al.  Phase transitions in compact stars , 2004, astro-ph/0411295.

[49]  H. Sotani,et al.  Signatures of hadron-quark mixed phase in gravitational waves , 2010, 1012.4042.

[50]  Pratik S. Sachdeva,et al.  On the Stability of Strange Dwarf Hybrid Stars , 2017, 1705.09880.

[51]  J. R. Schrieffer,et al.  Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity , 2011 .

[52]  V. Paschalidis,et al.  Implications from GW170817 and I-Love-Q relations for relativistic hybrid stars , 2017, 1712.00451.

[53]  Density dependent hadron field theory. , 1995, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[54]  G. Ripka.  Quarks Bound by Chiral Fields: The Quark Structure of the Vacuum and of Light Mesons and Baryons , 1997 .

[55]  D. Blaschke,et al.  Hybrid equation of state with pasta phases, and third family of compact stars , 2018, Physical Review C.

[56]  S. Reddy,et al.  Critical examination of constraints on the equation of state of dense matter obtained from GW170817 , 2018, Physical Review C.

[57]  Dyson-Schwinger equations and their application to hadronic physics , 1994, hep-ph/9403224.

[58]  Hong Shen,et al.  Finite-size effects on the hadron-quark phase transition in neutron stars , 2017, 1708.01878.

[59]  T. Hatsuda,et al.  Hadron-quark crossover and massive hybrid stars , 2012, 1212.6803.

[60]  W. Weise,et al.  The chiral and deconfinement crossover transitions: PNJL model beyond mean field ∗ , 2007, 0712.3152.

[61]  I. Vidaña,et al.  Chiral model approach to quark matter nucleation in neutron stars , 2012, 1203.4159.

[62]  G. Burgio,et al.  Constraining and applying a generic high-density equation of state , 2015, 1501.07902.

[63]  S. Ransom,et al.  Shapiro delay measurement of a two solar mass neutron star , 2010, 1010.5788.

[64]  M. Prakash,et al.  Generic conditions for stable hybrid stars , 2013, 1302.4732.

[65]  B. Krishnan,et al.  Gravitational waves from neutron stars: promises and challenges , 2009, 0912.0384.

[66]  T. Hatsuda,et al.  HADRON–QUARK CROSSOVER AND MASSIVE HYBRID STARS WITH STRANGENESS , 2012, 1205.3621.

[67]  Claudia Ratti,et al.  Lattice QCD and heavy ion collisions: a review of recent progress , 2018, Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society.

[68]  Tomoki Endo.  Region of hadron-quark mixed phase in hybrid stars , 2011, 1105.2445.

[69]  M. Alford,et al.  Constant-sound-speed parametrization for Nambu–Jona-Lasinio models of quark matter in hybrid stars , 2015, 1512.09183.

[70]  M. Mariani,et al.  Constant entropy hybrid stars: a first approximation of cooling evolution , 2016, 1607.05200.

[71]  E. Malamud,et al.  High‐energy physics , 1975 .

[72]  D. Dumm,et al.  Meson properties at finite temperature in a three flavor nonlocal chiral quark model with Polyakov loop , 2009, 0911.3848.

[73]  T. Schaefer,et al.  Instantons in QCD , 1998 .

[74]  F. Wilczek,et al.  Minimal color-flavor-locked-nuclear interface , 2001 .