On the Analysis of Linear Probing Hashing

Abstract. This paper presents moment analyses and characterizations of limit distributions for the construction cost of hash tables under the linear probing strategy. Two models are considered, that of full tables and that of sparse tables with a fixed filling ratio strictly smaller than one. For full tables, the construction cost has expectation O(n3/2) , the standard deviation is of the same order, and a limit law of the Airy type holds. (The Airy distribution is a semiclassical distribution that is defined in terms of the usual Airy functions or equivalently in terms of Bessel functions of indices $ -\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3} $ .) For sparse tables, the construction cost has expectation O(n) , standard deviation O ( $ \sqrt{n} $ ), and a limit law of the Gaussian type. Combinatorial relations with other problems leading to Airy phenomena (like graph connectivity, tree inversions, tree path length, or area under excursions) are also briefly discussed.