An update on asthma diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE Asthma imposes a significant health and socioeconomic burden with an average prevalence impacting 5-10% of the global population. The aim of this narrative review is to update the current literature on topics related to asthma diagnosis. DATA SOURCES Original research articles were identified from PubMed using the search terms "asthma diagnosis" and "asthma misdiagnosis". STUDY SELECTIONS Recently published articles (n =51) detailing the diagnosis, misdiagnosis of asthma, and the updated recommendations of the European and international asthma guidelines. RESULTS Emerging evidence revealed that asthma might represent a rather heterogenous clinical entity with varying underlying molecular mechanisms. Attempts have been made to unravel these traits to better provide accurate diagnosis and a more efficient patient-based management approach. The lack of a gold standard test for asthma diagnosis has contributed to its over- and underdiagnosis. This is problematic, given that overdiagnosis might lead to delay of both diagnosis and prompt treatment of other diseases, while underdiagnosis might substantially impact quality of life due to progression of asthma by increased rate of exacerbations and airway remodeling. In addition to poor asthma control and potential patient harm, asthma misdiagnosis is also associated with excessive costs. As a result, current international guidelines emphasize the need for a standardized approach to diagnosis, including objective measurements prior to treatment. CONCLUSION Future research is warranted to define the optimal diagnostic and treatable traits approach especially for patients with severe asthma, as they may benefit from the advent of newly targeted asthma management.