Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the City Center of Firenze, Italy: Measurement, Evaluation, and Source Partitioning

Abstract An eddy covariance station was installed in the city center of Firenze, Italy, to measure carbon fluxes at half-hourly intervals over a mostly homogeneous urban area. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission observations made over an initial period of 3.5 months were compared with indirect estimates of CO2 emissions based on inventory data sources of vehicle circulation and natural gas consumption for domestic heating and cooking. Such a comparison provided proper evaluation of the measurements. Using seasonal dynamics of observed fluxes, the overall CO2 source of the city center was partitioned into its major components (i.e., road traffic and domestic heating). Results were directly compared with CO2 source estimates based on inventory sources.

[1]  Hal Westberg,et al.  Measurements of CO2 fluxes from the Mexico City urban landscape , 2005 .

[2]  T. Foken,et al.  Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements , 1996 .

[3]  G. Pyle,et al.  Toxicity of uranium mine receiving waters to early life stage fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in the laboratory. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[4]  C. S. B. Grimmond,et al.  Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere , 2006 .

[5]  J. Finnigan,et al.  Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement , 1994 .

[6]  Clemens Mensink,et al.  An urban transport emission model for the Antwerp area , 2000 .

[7]  David Fowler,et al.  Micrometeorological measurements of the urban heat budget and CO2 emissions on a city scale. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  Dennis Baldocchi,et al.  On Measuring Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Over Tall Vegetation on Complex Terrain , 2000, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

[9]  Timothy R. Oke,et al.  Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built‐up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum , 2004 .

[10]  Michael Schatzmann,et al.  BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project , 2005 .

[11]  G. Katul,et al.  An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows , 2000 .

[12]  D. I. Cooper,et al.  Spatial source-area analysis of three-dimensional moisture fields from lidar, eddy covariance, and a footprint model , 2003 .

[13]  Ü. Rannik,et al.  Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange , 2001 .

[14]  W. Oechel,et al.  FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities , 2001 .

[15]  D. Baldocchi.  Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future , 2003 .

[16]  Matthias Roth,et al.  Temporal dynamics of CO2 fluxes and profiles over a Central European city , 2006 .

[17]  D. Nowak,et al.  Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[18]  Lasse Møller-Jensen,et al.  Towards a spatial CO2 budget of a metropolitan region based on textural image classification and flux measurements , 2003 .

[19]  Timothy R. Oke,et al.  Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface Form , 1999 .

[20]  T. Oke,et al.  Venting of Heat and Carbon Dioxide from Urban Canyons at Night , 2005 .

[21]  E. K. Webb,et al.  Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer , 1980 .

[22]  D. Nowak,et al.  Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: methodological challenges and results from Chicago. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[23]  Ü. Rannik,et al.  Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology , 2000 .