Acute Strategies: Effects of ibuprofen, pre-tensing, pre-cooling, circadian rhythym, warm-ups, ice-cold recovery, bike fitting, stretching, post-activation potentiation, whole-body vibration, and massage. Altitude: Viagra for performance at high altitude; the live-high train-low mechanism debate; effects of adaptation to artificial altitude. Mechanisms: maximum effort is related to a critical fatigue level in muscle; hard training stimulates EPO; evidence that muscle pH limits intense exercise. Nutrition: training on low carbohydrate; galactose vs other carbs and caffeine; milk protein, amino acids and cherry juice for recovery; colostrum for training; vitamin C and fish oil for asthmatics; echinacea stimulates EPO; caffeine for team-sport and tennis performance; effects of mild hypohydration. Performance Genes: minor findings. Tests and Technology: using modeling to optimize cycling performance; soccer tests; mountain-bike suspensions. Training: big gains with respiratory-muscle, core-stability and high-resistance training; nothing new on overtraining. Reviewer's Comment: a balanced view of train-low compete-high on carbohydrate.
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