Beyond Intercalation: Nanoscale-Enabled Conversion Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The use of transition metal oxides as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries offers great advantages over graphitic carbon due to their ability to deliver much higher specific capacities. The mechanism with which they electrochemically react with lithium was found to be peculiar and termed “conversion” to distinguish it from other mechanisms such as intercalation, insertion, and alloying. In this chapter, we have reviewed the behavior of a wide variety of transition metal oxides in lithium-ion batteries and the effect of structure/property relationship on their performance. It was found that a key enabler to the electrochemical reactivity of transition metal oxides is the nanosize effect and essentially the formation of nanoparticles and nanocomposites.

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