Anti-inflammatory properties of micropatterned titanium coatings.

Prolonged inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated around an implanted biosensor are the primary causes of the foreign body response, including encapsulation of biosensor membranes. We have previously demonstrated that TiO2 surfaces reduce ROS. Here we investigated the potential of using the anti-inflammatory properties of TiO2 in the design of biosensor membranes with improved long-term in vivo transport properties. Micropatterned Ti films were sputtered onto quartz surfaces in a series of hexagonally distributed dots with identical coverage area of 23% and dot size ranging from 5 to 100 microm. The antioxidant effect of the surfaces was investigated using a cell-free peroxynitrite donor assay and assays of superoxide released from stimulated surface-adhering neutrophils and macrophages. In all three assays, the amount of ROS was monitored using luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. Patterned surfaces in all experimental models significantly decreased ROS compared to the etched surfaces. In the cell-free experiment, the ROS reduction was only dependent on fractional surface coverage. In the cell experiments, however, a dot-size-dependent ROS reduction was seen, with the largest reduction at the smallest dot-size surfaces. These results indicate that micropatterned surfaces with small dots covering only 23% of the surface area exhibit similar antioxidative effect as fully covered surfaces.