Review of e Clinical Governance: A Guide for Primary Care

We read with interest the article entitled “Too good to last: did Cleveland Health Quality Choice leave a legacy and lessons to be learned?” published recently in QSHC .1 Perhaps relevant in this regard is our study of the claim, repeated by Neuhauser and Harper, that the Cleveland Health Quality Choice (CHQC) project may have improved mortality rates in Cleveland at a faster rate than they were improving elsewhere.2 Using OHA data we found that not to be the case. The rate of improvement in inpatient mortality in Cleveland was …

[1]  R. Baldwin.  National Service Framework for Older People , 2003 .

[2]  C. Shaw,et al.  Principles for Best Practice in Clinical Audit , 2003 .

[3]  Duncan Neuhauser,et al.  Too good to last: did Cleveland Health Quality Choice leave a legacy and lessons to be learned? , 2002, Quality & safety in health care.

[4]  S. Pathak.  The way I see it: Working in the Caribbean in the gap between basic and higher surgical training , 2002 .

[5]  L. Simpson,et al.  E-Clinical Governance: A Guide for Primary Care , 2002 .

[6]  Richard J. Snow,et al.  Lack of Relationship Between the Cleveland Health Quality Choice Project and Decreased Inpatient Mortality in Cleveland , 2002, American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality.

[7]  C. Ramsay,et al.  Mass media interventions: effects on health services utilisation. , 2002, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[8]  Tom Marshall,et al.  Performance league tables: the NHS deserves better , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[9]  A. Glenny,et al.  Improving health professionals' management and the organisation of care for overweight and obese people. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[10]  Tom Marshall,et al.  Bristol, Shipman, and clinical governance: Shewhart's forgotten lessons , 2001, The Lancet.

[11]  C. Free,et al.  Evaluating and developing contraceptive services: The results of an audit of the North Lambeth Primary Care Commissioning Group , 2001, Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care.

[12]  S. Bentzen,et al.  National audit of the management and outcome of carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy in 1993. , 2000, Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)).

[13]  Carmen I. Aponte,et al.  Performance Measures of Cultural Competency in Mental Health Organizations , 2000, Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.

[14]  A. Millard,et al.  Measuring the quality of clinical audit projects. , 2000, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[15]  W. Assendelft,et al.  Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[16]  T. Walley,et al.  Data protection legislation: interpretation and barriers to research , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[17]  S. Cordner,et al.  Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities: trauma audit methodology. , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[18]  J. V. Byrne,et al.  A computerised relational database for auditing endovascular treatment of patients with intracranial aneurysms , 2000, Neuroradiology.

[19]  I. Sherman,et al.  Surgical management of intractable epistaxis: audit of results , 2000, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[20]  V. Adhiyaman,et al.  DIAGNOSES IN DISCHARGE COMMUNICATIONS: HOW FAR ARE THEY RELIABLE? , 2000, International journal of clinical practice.

[21]  B Schwilk,et al.  Building a large-scale perioperative anaesthesia outcome-tracking database: methodology, implementation, and experiences from one provider within the German quality project. , 2000, British journal of anaesthesia.

[22]  A Frutiger,et al.  Improving time-sensitive processes in the intensive care unit: the example of 'door-to-needle time' in acute myocardial infarction. , 2000, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[23]  L I Iezzoni,et al.  Use of administrative data to find substandard care: validation of the complications screening program. , 2000, Medical care.

[24]  C. Jastremski,et al.  Clinical decision support systems for outcome measurement and management. , 2000, AACN clinical issues.

[25]  W. R. Smith,et al.  Evidence for the effectiveness of techniques To change physician behavior. , 2000, Chest.

[26]  B Leese,et al.  Capitation, salary, fee-for-service and mixed systems of payment: effects on the behaviour of primary care physicians. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[27]  T. Lancaster,et al.  Training health professionals in smoking cessation. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[28]  H. Davies,et al.  Improving care or professional advantage? What makes clinicians do audit and how well do they fare? , 2000, Health bulletin.

[29]  J. Laing,et al.  Coding plastic surgery operations: an audit of performance using OPCS-4. , 2000, British journal of plastic surgery.

[30]  S. O'flanagan,et al.  Scoring systems in trauma , 2000, Irish journal of medical science.

[31]  P Glassman,et al.  How well does chart abstraction measure quality? A prospective comparison of standardized patients with the medical record. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[32]  C O'Brien,et al.  Combating information overload: a six-month pilot evaluation of a knowledge management system in general practice. , 2000, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[33]  T W Nolan,et al.  Reducing adverse drug events: lessons from a breakthrough series collaborative. , 2000, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[34]  A. Boutros,et al.  Audit of a children's epilepsy clinic , 2000, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[35]  D. Berwick,et al.  Reducing medical error through systems improvement: the management of febrile infants. , 2000, Pediatrics.

[36]  M J Galloway,et al.  Benchmarking general practice use of pathology services: a model for monitoring change , 2000, Journal of clinical pathology.

[37]  W. Manning,et al.  The Unreliability of Individual Physician “Report Cards” for Assessing the Costs and Quality of Care of a Chronic Disease , 2000 .

[38]  R. Locke,et al.  Pathways for continence care: background and audit. , 2000, British journal of nursing.

[39]  P. Szilagyi,et al.  The effect of audit and feedback on immunization delivery: a systematic review. , 2000, American journal of preventive medicine.

[40]  N. Oswald,et al.  Treating individuals according to evidence: why do primary care practitioners do what they do? , 2000, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[41]  What's New in the Journals? , 2000 .

[42]  M. Zwarenstein,et al.  Interventions to promote collaboration between nurses and doctors. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[43]  I. Durand-zaleski,et al.  Effects of financial incentives on medical practice: results from a systematic review of the literature and methodological issues. , 2000, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[44]  R M Schaubhut,et al.  A systems approach to medication error reduction. , 2000, Journal of nursing care quality.

[45]  T. Brennan,et al.  Obstacles to collaborative quality improvement: the case of ambulatory general medical care. , 2000, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[46]  R. Westcott,et al.  Significant event audit in practice: a preliminary study. , 2000, Family practice.

[47]  S Gallivan,et al.  Mortality rates after surgery for congenital heart defects in children and surgeons' performance , 2000, The Lancet.

[48]  I. Thorell-Ekstrand,et al.  Development of an audit instrument for nursing care plans in the patient record , 2000, Quality in health care : QHC.

[49]  C. Cunningham,et al.  A question sheet to encourage written consultation questions , 2000, Quality in health care : QHC.

[50]  K. Walshe.  Adverse events in health care: issues in measurement , 2000, Quality in health care : QHC.

[51]  H. Davies,et al.  Reviewing audit: barriers and facilitating factors for effective clinical audit , 2000, Quality in health care : QHC.

[52]  M. Maresh,et al.  Monitoring quality of audit in obstetrics and gynaecology , 2000, Quality in health care : QHC.

[53]  A Cuschieri,et al.  Human reliability assessment in surgery--a new approach for improving surgical performance and clinical outcome. , 2000, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[54]  A. Pollock,et al.  Methodological issues in the use of guidelines and audit to improve clinical effectiveness in breast cancer in one United Kingdom health region. , 2000, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[55]  H. Davies,et al.  What Stops Effective Clinical Audit? Reports from the Front Line , 2000, Scottish medical journal.

[56]  M Sculpher,et al.  Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions designed to increase the utilization of evidence-based guidelines. , 2000, Family practice.

[57]  I. Bukovsky,et al.  Implementation of nuchal translucency image‐scoring method during ongoing audit , 1999, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[58]  U. Freudenstein,et al.  Recommendations for future studies: a systematic review of educational interventions in primary care settings. , 1999, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[59]  S. Dopson,et al.  Changing clinical practice: views about the management of adult asthma. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[60]  W. Holzemer,et al.  A comparison of three strategies for risk-adjustment of outcomes for AIDS patients hospitalized for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. , 1999, Journal of advanced nursing.

[61]  A. Kappetein,et al.  The value of a mortality-scoring system in the quality control of patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. , 1999, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[62]  P. Bower,et al.  On-site mental health workers in primary care: effects on professional practice. , 1999, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[63]  B. Leese,et al.  Target payments in primary care: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. , 1999, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[64]  M. Cabana,et al.  Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. , 1999, JAMA.

[65]  T S Murray,et al.  Supporting practice-based audit: a price to be paid for collecting data. , 1999, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[66]  F. E. White,et al.  Fine needle aspiration cytology in the UK breast screening programme: a national audit of results. , 1999, Breast.

[67]  S. Blumenfeld,et al.  Methodology matters. Comparative validity of three methods for assessment of the quality of primary health care , 1999 .

[68]  C. Silagy,et al.  A framework for effective management of change in clinical practice: dissemination and implementation of clinical practice guidelines. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[69]  J. Bader,et al.  Development of effectiveness of care and use of services measures for dental care plans. , 1999, Journal of public health dentistry.

[70]  D. Dudgeon,et al.  The Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) as an Audit Tool , 1999, Journal of palliative care.

[71]  J. Bader,et al.  Evaluation of audit-based performance measures for dental care plans. , 1999, Journal of public health dentistry.

[72]  Stephen Pax Leonard,et al.  Consistency of retrospective triage decisions as a standardised instrument for audit. , 1999, Journal of accident & emergency medicine.

[73]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? , 1999, JAMA.

[74]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Changing doctor prescribing behaviour , 1999, Pharmacy World and Science.

[75]  R. Thomson,et al.  The lack of integration of clinical audit and the maintenance of medical dominance within British hospital trusts. , 1999, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[76]  K. Stewart,et al.  The role of audit in making do not resuscitate decisions. , 1999, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[77]  C. Violato,et al.  Assessment of physician performance in Alberta: the physician achievement review. , 1999, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[78]  N. Cullum,et al.  Clinical guidelines in nursing, midwifery and the therapies: a systematic review. , 1999, Journal of advanced nursing.

[79]  T. McMillan,et al.  Goal Planning and Neurorehabilitation: The Wolfson Neurorehabilitation Centre Approach , 1999 .

[80]  E. Ferlie,et al.  Some limits to evidence-based medicine: a case study from elective orthopaedics. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[81]  K. Khunti,et al.  Approaches to the organization of multi-practice audits in primary health care in the UK. , 1999, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[82]  H. Staines,et al.  Day surgery in Scotland: patient satisfaction and outcomes. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[83]  S. Cox,et al.  Improving the repeat prescribing process in a busy general practice. A study using continuous quality improvement methodology. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[84]  F. Schreuder,et al.  Incomplete excision of basal cell carcinomas: an audit. , 1999, Clinical performance and quality health care.

[85]  C. Sealey.  Two Common Pitfalls in Clinical Audit: Failing to Complete the Audit Cycle and Confusing Audit with Research , 1999 .

[86]  L. Lorenzoni,et al.  The quality of abstracting medical information from the medical record: the impact of training programmes. , 1999, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[87]  D. Armstrong,et al.  Implementing evidence based medicine in general practice: audit and qualitative study of antithrombotic treatment for atrial fibrillation , 1999, BMJ.

[88]  K. Khunti,et al.  Collation and comparison of multi-practice audit data: prevalence and treatment of known diabetes mellitus. , 1999, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[89]  F. Scott,et al.  Hospital monitoring of pressure ulcers in the UK. , 1999, Journal of wound care.

[90]  A. O’Donnell,et al.  Pre-dialysis education. A change in clinical practice. How effective is it? , 1999, EDTNA-ERCA Journal.

[91]  S. Tyson,et al.  The process of stroke rehabilitation: what happens and why , 1999, Clinical rehabilitation.

[92]  T. Greenhalgh.  Evidence-based practice in primary care. , 1999 .

[93]  P. Shekelle,et al.  Development of review criteria for assessing the quality of management of stable angina, adult asthma, and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in general practice. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[94]  H. McConachie.  Conceptual frameworks in evaluation of multidisciplinary services for children with disabilities. , 1999, Child: care, health and development.

[95]  Richard N. Shiffman,et al.  Review: Computer-based Guideline Implementation Systems: A Systematic Review of Functionality and Effectiveness , 1999, J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc..

[96]  H. Cass,et al.  Service evaluation and development: experience of a paediatric disability team. , 1999, Child: care, health and development.

[97]  J. Sutton,et al.  Inadequate cervical cytology—the need to audit individual smear takers' inadequate rates , 1999, Cytopathology : official journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology.

[98]  R. Grol,et al.  Setting up improvement projects in small scale primary care practices: feasibility of a model for continuous quality improvement. , 1999, Quality in health care : QHC.

[99]  M. Eccles,et al.  Improving health care through professional behaviour change: introducing a framework for identifying behaviour change strategies , 1999 .

[100]  M. Eccles,et al.  Improving the use of aspirin in myocardial infarction: a district strategy , 1999 .

[101]  J. Dearlove.  Being kind to babies: an audit of paediatric radiology for first urinary infections , 1999 .

[102]  J. Grimshaw,et al.  Development and application of a generic methodology to assess the quality of clinical guidelines. , 1999, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[103]  J. Lindsay.  Methadone prescribing in general practice. , 1999, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[104]  R. Cleary,et al.  Assessing the outcomes of total knee replacement. , 1999, Journal of Evaluation In Clinical Practice.

[105]  N. Cullum,et al.  Guidelines in professions allied to medicine. , 1999, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[106]  D. Richardson,et al.  Risk adjustment for quality improvement. , 1999, Pediatrics.

[107]  M H Liang,et al.  Techniques to improve physicians' use of diagnostic tests: a new conceptual framework. , 1998, JAMA.

[108]  I. Okkes,et al.  Deliberate departures from good general practice: a study of motives among Dutch general practitioners. , 1998, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[109]  R. Palmer,et al.  Using health outcomes data to compare plans, networks and providers. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[110]  H. Hearnshaw,et al.  Introducing a quality improvement programme to primary healthcare teams. , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[111]  F. Moss,et al.  Mapping out the patient's journey: experiences of developing pathways of care. , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[112]  S. Paterson-Brown,et al.  Clinical Audit; Who is Auditing Who? , 1998, Scottish medical journal.

[113]  T Sheldon,et al.  Promoting health care quality: what role performance indicators? , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[114]  S. Shortell,et al.  Assessing the impact of continuous quality improvement on clinical practice: what it will take to accelerate progress. , 1998, The Milbank quarterly.

[115]  J. Bost,et al.  Panel discussion. Data needs in cancer. , 1998, Oncology.

[116]  J. Windsor,et al.  Sequential Audits of Geriatric Care: Measuring Change in Structure and Process and the Contribution of Clinical Audit , 1998, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[117]  D. Schultewolter,et al.  Inconsistencies in risk assessment , 1998 .

[118]  R. Haynes,et al.  Effects of computer-based clinical decision support systems on physician performance and patient outcomes: a systematic review. , 1998, JAMA.

[119]  Jeroan J Allison,et al.  Identifying achievable benchmarks of care: concepts and methodology. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[120]  F. Reynolds,et al.  Accidental dural puncture rates in UK obstetric practice. , 1998, International journal of obstetric anesthesia.

[121]  K. Martimo.  Audit matrix for evaluating Finnish occupational health units. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[122]  M. Dolan.  A study of demand and need for CPD courses in clinical audit and research , 1998 .

[123]  F. Grover,et al.  The Department of Veterans Affairs' NSQIP: the first national, validated, outcome-based, risk-adjusted, and peer-controlled program for the measurement and enhancement of the quality of surgical care. National VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program. , 1998, Annals of surgery.

[124]  D. Pennell,et al.  Quality assurance in myocardial perfusion tomography: a collaborative BNCS/BNMS audit programme. British Nuclear Cardiology Society/British nuclear Medicine Society. , 1998, Nuclear medicine communications.

[125]  A. Ryan,et al.  Developing an audit tool for primary nursing. , 1998, Journal of clinical nursing.

[126]  P. C. Weaver,et al.  POSSUM and Portsmouth POSSUM for predicting mortality , 1998 .

[127]  C. Naylor,et al.  Do we know what inappropriate laboratory utilization is? A systematic review of laboratory clinical audits. , 1998, JAMA.

[128]  O. Paltiel,et al.  The contribution of multiple data sources to a clinical audit of lymphoma in a teaching hospital. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[129]  D. Kozlowski.  Is audit a task for nurses? , 1998, Nursing Times.

[130]  T. Walley,et al.  Auditing the management of hypertension in British general practice: a critical literature review. , 1998, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[131]  B J McNeil,et al.  Rating the appropriateness of coronary angiography--do practicing physicians agree with an expert panel and with each other? , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[132]  J P Kahan,et al.  The reproducibility of a method to identify the overuse and underuse of medical procedures. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[133]  J. Baker.  Evidence-based practice in pressure sore reduction. , 1998, Nursing times.

[134]  A. Berger.  Action on clinical audit: progress report , 1998, BMJ.

[135]  L. E. Peterson,et al.  Eliciting expert opinion using the Delphi technique: identifying performance indicators for cardiovascular disease. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[136]  C. Holman,et al.  The Quality of Surgical Care Project: a model to evaluate surgical outcomes in Western Australia using population-based record linkage. , 1998, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[137]  D. Berlowitz,et al.  Profiling outcomes of ambulatory care: casemix affects perceived performance. , 1998, Medical care.

[138]  A. McColl,et al.  What do health authorities think of population based health outcome indicators? , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[139]  Alinda Gillott,et al.  Consumers with Intellectual Disabilities as Service Evaluators , 1998 .

[140]  M. Chambers,et al.  National Depot Neuroleptic Audit Project: identification and implementation of good nursing practice. , 1998 .

[141]  M. Birchall.  Consensus standards for the process of cancer care: a modified expert panel method applied to head and neck cancer. South and West Expert Tumour Panel for Head and Neck Cancer. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[142]  R. Jayasuriya,et al.  Developing outcomes for community nursing: the Nominal Group Technique. , 1998, The Australian journal of advanced nursing : a quarterly publication of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation.

[143]  D. Landers,et al.  Audit in transfusion practice. , 1998, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[144]  M. Lewis.  CT standard protocols are of limited value in assessing actual patient dose. , 1998, The British journal of radiology.

[145]  M. J. M. Frcs,et al.  The setting up and implementation of a venous thromboembolism prophylaxis policy in clinical hospital practice , 1998 .

[146]  N J Banks,et al.  Designing medical record abstraction forms. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[147]  V. Harpin,et al.  Survey of UK computerised special needs registers , 1998, Archives of disease in childhood.

[148]  F J Overdyk,et al.  Successful Strategies for Improving Operating Room Efficiency at Academic Institutions , 1998, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[149]  M. Walsh,et al.  Cholesterol reduction for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a successful multi‐disciplinary approach to implementing evidence‐based treatment in a district general hospital , 1998 .

[150]  B. Warren.  Developing practice through clinical audit , 1998 .

[151]  C. Bengtsson,et al.  Facilitating quality improvement in primary health care by practice visiting. , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[152]  F Alemi,et al.  Rapid improvement teams. , 1998, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[153]  M. Petticrew,et al.  Assessment of the reproducibility of clinical coding in routinely collected hospital activity data: a study in two hospitals. , 1998, Journal of public health medicine.

[154]  I. Ovhed,et al.  A Nordic collaboration on medical audit. The APO method for quality development and continuous medical education (CME) in primary health care. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of primary health care.

[155]  E. Lubrano,et al.  An audit of anthropometric measurements by medical and physiotherapy staff in patients with ankylosing spondylitis , 1998, Clinical rehabilitation.

[156]  N. A. Black,et al.  Why is evaluation of the cost effectiveness of audit so difficult? The example of thrombolysis for suspected acute myocardial infarction. , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[157]  M. Keane,et al.  Nurses' participation in audit: a regional study. , 1998, Quality in health care : QHC.

[158]  M. Simmonds,et al.  Pain relief in the recovery room: an audit of current practice and a proposed solution , 1998 .

[159]  A. Fairney,et al.  Audit of a dedicated osteoporosis clinic , 1998 .

[160]  K. eaton,et al.  A report of an evaluation of the pilot peer review scheme for general dental practitioners working in the general dental services in England , 1998, British Dental Journal.

[161]  H. Davies,et al.  Beyond health outcomes: the advantages of measuring process. , 1998, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[162]  J C Benneyan,et al.  Use and interpretation of statistical quality control charts. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[163]  C. Mccourt,et al.  The use of clinical audit in evaluating maternity services reform: a critical reflection. , 1998, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[164]  R. Grol,et al.  Implementing guidelines and innovations in general practice: which interventions are effective? , 1998, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[165]  A. Simpson,et al.  A comparative analysis of six audit systems for mental health nursing. , 1998, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[166]  H. Hearnshaw,et al.  A survey of audit activity in general practice. , 1998, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[167]  G. Bradley.  An audit of anticoagulant guidelines: the relative influence of education, presentation and complexity of guidelines on compliance , 1998 .

[168]  A. Millard,et al.  Participation levels in local clinical audit: a pilot study comparison between health care professionals , 1998 .

[169]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Audit and feedback versus alternative strategies: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. , 1998, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[170]  M. McNaughton,et al.  Changing urine testing protocols through audit. , 1998, Nursing Times.

[171]  C. M. Thornton,et al.  A regional audit of perinatal and infant autopsies in Northern Ireland , 1998, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[172]  G. Abi-Aad,et al.  Turning evidence into everyday practice. , 1997, Nursing times.

[173]  C. Butler,et al.  Audit-enhanced, district-wide primary care for people with diabetes mellitus , 1997 .

[174]  K. Khunti,et al.  Effective audit in general practice: a method for systematically developing audit protocols containing evidence-based review criteria. , 1997, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[175]  V. Wilcox,et al.  Audit: an exploration of two models from outside the health care environment. , 1997, Journal of Evaluation In Clinical Practice.

[176]  M. Beers,et al.  Auditing prescription practice using explicit criteria and computerized drug benefit claims data. , 1997, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[177]  J. Greenwood,et al.  Junior Doctors and Clinical Audit , 1997, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[178]  R Martin,et al.  Benchmarking in radiation oncology: discovering inconsistencies in reporting methodologies. , 1997, Administrative radiology journal : AR.

[179]  D. Garet,et al.  Interpreting profiling data in behavioral health care for a continuous quality improvement cycle. , 1997, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[180]  J. Ash.  Multi-disciplinary audit and the mental health nurse. , 1997, Mental health care.

[181]  Byrne Gj,et al.  Surgical audit: the junior doctors' viewpoint. , 1997 .

[182]  P. Littlejohns,et al.  Evaluating healthcare policies: the case of clinical audit , 1997 .

[183]  G. Smith,et al.  Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test , 1997, BMJ.

[184]  H. Guly.  A scale for measuring the severity of diagnostic errors in accident and emergency departments. , 1997, Journal of accident & emergency medicine.

[185]  V. Corben.  The Buckinghamshire nursing record audit tool: a unique approach to documentation. , 1997, Journal of Nursing Management.

[186]  A. Taylor-Vaisey,et al.  Translating guidelines into practice. A systematic review of theoretic concepts, practical experience and research evidence in the adoption of clinical practice guidelines. , 1997, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[187]  J. Clark,et al.  CASES--clinical audit; scenarios for evaluation and study , 1997, British Dental Journal.

[188]  L. Moseley,et al.  Can feedback be individualised, useful, and economical? , 1997, International journal of nursing studies.

[189]  D. Berlowitz,et al.  Outcomes of hypertension care. Simple measures are not that simple. , 1997, Medical care.

[190]  C. Silagy,et al.  Trials of providing costing information to general practitioners: a systematic review , 1997, The Medical journal of Australia.

[191]  G Worrall,et al.  The effects of clinical practice guidelines on patient outcomes in primary care: a systematic review. , 1997, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[192]  C M Ashton,et al.  International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes in discharge abstracts are poor measures of complication occurrence in medical inpatients. , 1997, Medical care.

[193]  M V Dresser,et al.  Clinical quality measurement. Comparing chart review and automated methodologies. , 1997, Medical care.

[194]  G. Rosenthal,et al.  Declines in Hospital Mortality Associated with a Regional Initiative to Measure Hospital Performance , 1997, American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality.

[195]  R H Brook,et al.  Quality of health care. Part 2: measuring quality of care. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[196]  T. Murray,et al.  Training for audit: lessons still to be learned. , 1997, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[197]  L. Thomas,et al.  The nursing record as a research tool to identify nursing interventions. , 1997, Journal of clinical nursing.

[198]  C. Fox,et al.  Using a Clinical Practice Guideline to Measure Physician Practice: Translating a Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure , 1997, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

[199]  W. Fallon,et al.  Benchmarking the quality-monitoring process: a comparison of outcomes analysis by trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) methodology with the peer-review process. , 1997, The Journal of trauma.

[200]  R. Baker,et al.  Is ownership more important than the scientific credibility of audit protocols? A survey of medical audit advisory groups. , 1997, Family Practice.

[201]  Marion Danis,et al.  Can Clinical Interventions Change Care at the End of Life? , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[202]  E. Pugh,et al.  Use of the critical incident technique in primary care in the audit of deaths by suicide. , 1997, Quality in health care : QHC.

[203]  A Kitson,et al.  Practitioner based quality improvement: a review of the Royal College of Nursing's dynamic standard setting system. , 1997, Quality in health care : QHC.

[204]  R. Thomson,et al.  Maryland Hospital Quality Indicator Project in the United Kingdom: an approach for promoting continuous quality improvement. , 1997, Quality in health care : QHC.

[205]  J. Holden,et al.  Audit as a method of reducing benzodiazepine prescribing in general practice , 1997 .

[206]  T. Bates,et al.  Out‐of‐hours operating — failure to close the audit cycle , 1997 .

[207]  S. Auplish.  Using clinical audit to promote evidence-based medicine and clinical effectiveness--an overview of one health authority's experience. , 1997, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[208]  L. Bowers.  Monitoring the outcome of case management and community care: the care programme approach support system (CPASS). , 1997, Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing.

[209]  D. Fellowes,et al.  Users' views in theory and in practice , 1997 .

[210]  E. Murray,et al.  Improving the care of patients without spleens in a district , 1997 .

[211]  M. Judd.  A pragmatic approach to user involvement in clinical audit — making it happen , 1997 .

[212]  I. Higginson,et al.  Audit in palliative care: does practice change? , 1996, European journal of cancer care.

[213]  C. Lewis,et al.  Is general practice audit alive and well? The view from Portsmouth. , 1996, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[214]  S. Robinson.  Audit in the therapy professions: some constraints on progress. , 1996, Quality in health care : QHC.

[215]  J. Chasteen,et al.  An audit system for assessing dental record keeping. , 1996, Journal of dental education.

[216]  D. Sulmasy,et al.  Do the ward notes reflect the quality of end-of-life care? , 1996, Journal of medical ethics.

[217]  M. Deverill,et al.  A natural survey of audit activity across the primary-secondary care interface. , 1996, Quality in health care : QHC.

[218]  J. Snell,et al.  Increasing cancer screening: a meta-analysis. , 1996, Preventive medicine.

[219]  P. Bowie,et al.  Turnaround time of in-patient discharge letters: a simple system of audit. , 1996, Health bulletin.

[220]  D. Bateman.  CLEARING ‘THE FOG ON THE TYNE’: CAN THE QUALITY OF THERAPEUTICS BE ASSESSED? , 1996, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.

[221]  William DuMouchel,et al.  A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials to evaluate computer-based clinical reminder systems for preventive care in the ambulatory setting. , 1996, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA.

[222]  I. Campbell,et al.  A pilot study of the introduction of audit into nursing homes. , 1996, Age and ageing.

[223]  J. Mant,et al.  Assessing quality of care: what are the implications of the potential lack of sensitivity of outcome measures to differences in quality? , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[224]  M Lawrence,et al.  Adapting total quality management for general practice: evaluation of a programme. , 1996, Quality in health care : QHC.

[225]  J. Hiatt,et al.  Continuous use of standard process audit filters has limited value in an established trauma system. , 1996, The Journal of trauma.

[226]  Maureen Carson,et al.  Effects and benefits of clinical audit within a multidisciplinary team , 1996 .

[227]  A. Hopkins.  Clinical Audit: Time for a Reappraisal , 1996, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[228]  A. Smith.  Chart reviews made simple. , 1996, Nursing management.

[229]  R. Fitzpatrick,et al.  The involvement of pharmacists in professional and clinical audit in the UK: a review and assessment of their potential role. , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[230]  D. Zimmerman,et al.  Applying performance measures to long-term care. , 1996, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[231]  Miss Deborah Hutchings.  Evaluating multidisciplinary teams: an example of an audit framework , 1996 .

[232]  A. Kitson,et al.  Achieving improvement through quality: an evaluation of key factors in the implementation process. , 1996, Journal of advanced nursing.

[233]  R. Thomson,et al.  Clinical audit and the purchaser-provider interaction: different attitudes and expectations in the United Kingdom. , 1996, Quality in health care : QHC.

[234]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Users' guides to the medical literature. XI. How to use an article about a clinical utilization review. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. , 1996, JAMA.

[235]  Joyce A. Mitchell,et al.  The clinical value of computerized information services. A review of 98 randomized clinical trials. , 1996, Archives of family medicine.

[236]  D. Drachman.  Benchmarking patient satisfaction at academic health centers. , 1996, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[237]  M. Kelson.  User involvement in clinical audit: a review of developments and issues of good practice. , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[238]  A. Hopkins,et al.  Conceptual differences amongst the data collection instruments used in clinical audit. , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[239]  D. Tourish,et al.  Communication Audits and the Management of Change: A Case Study from an NHS Unit of Management , 1996, Health services management research.

[240]  S. Farrar,et al.  Using economics alongside medical audit. A case study of the management of endometriosis. , 1996, Health bulletin.

[241]  J. Lexchin,et al.  Strategies for improving prescribing practice. , 1996, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[242]  A. Wolff.  Limited adverse occurrence screening: using medical record review to reduce hospital adverse patient events , 1996, The Medical journal of Australia.

[243]  A. Smith,et al.  Communications between professional groups in an NHS trust hospital. , 1996, Journal of management in medicine.

[244]  D. Baker,et al.  Phase II of the AHCPR-sponsored heart failure guideline: translating practice recommendations into review criteria. , 1996, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[245]  S. Twaddle,et al.  Can information on breast pathology reports be used to audit the UK Breast Screening Programme? , 1996, Health bulletin.

[246]  H. Hearnshaw,et al.  Changing the clinical behavior of doctors: a psychological framework. , 1996, Quality in health care : QHC.

[247]  I. Campbell,et al.  Investigation into the attitudes of general practitioners in Staffordshire to medical audit. , 1996, Quality in health care : QHC.

[248]  L. Moseley,et al.  Research-based measurement tools in the audit process: issues of use, validity and reliability. , 1996, Nurse Researcher.

[249]  P. Littlejohns,et al.  Development of an instrument to assess staff perceptions of the impact of trust‐based clinical audit programmes , 1996 .

[250]  P Bundred,et al.  Integrated care pathways: effective tools for continuous evaluation of clinical practice. , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[251]  A. Miles,et al.  The Total Health Care Audit System: a systematic methodology for clinical practice evaluation and development in NHS provider organizations. , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[252]  D. O'Neill,et al.  Central dimensions of clinical practice evaluation: efficiency, appropriateness and effectiveness--I. , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[253]  A. Miles,et al.  Clinical audit in the National Health Service: fact or fiction? , 1996, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[254]  P. Berry,et al.  An audit of lost X‐ray films on orthopaedic and trauma wards , 1996 .

[255]  J. Kendall,et al.  The use of audit to set up a thrombolysis programme in the accident and emergency department. , 1996, Journal of accident & emergency medicine.

[256]  A D Oxman,et al.  No magic bullets: a systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. , 1995, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[257]  Frank Sullivan,et al.  Has general practitioner computing made a difference to patient care? A systematic review of published reports , 1995, BMJ.

[258]  A D Oxman,et al.  Changing physician performance. A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. , 1995, JAMA.

[259]  R. Baker,et al.  Fortnightly Review: Development of review criteria: linking guidelines and assessment of quality , 1995, BMJ.

[260]  E. Yano,et al.  Helping practices reach primary care goals. Lessons from the literature. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.

[261]  J. Mandelblatt,et al.  Effectiveness of interventions to enhance physician screening for breast cancer. , 1995, The Journal of family practice.

[262]  M. Abrahamowicz,et al.  Evaluation of the effectiveness of immunization delivery methods. , 1994, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[263]  J Lomas,et al.  Evaluating the Message: The Relationship Between Compliance Rate and the Subject of a Practice Guideline , 1994, Medical care.

[264]  J. Knottnerus,et al.  Influencing diagnostic and preventive performance in ambulatory care by feedback and reminders. A review. , 1993, Family practice.

[265]  M. Mugford,et al.  Effects of feedback of information on clinical practice: a review. , 1991, BMJ.

[266]  D. Waddell.  The effects of continuing education on nursing practice: a meta-analysis. , 1991, Journal of continuing education in nursing.

[267]  J. Avorn,et al.  Improving Medication Prescribing and Utilization in the Nursing Home , 1990, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[268]  J. Avorn,et al.  Improving drug prescribing in primary care: a critical analysis of the experimental literature. , 1989, The Milbank quarterly.

[269]  D. Bertram,et al.  The Evaluation of Continuing Medical Education: A Literature Review , 1977, Health education monographs.

[270]  R. Grol,et al.  Interventions to implement prevention in primary care. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[271]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Computerised advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[272]  K. Khunti,et al.  Features of primary health care teams associated with successful quality improvement of diabetes care: a qualitative study. , 2001, Family practice.

[273]  David Blumenthal,et al.  Improving Preventive Care by Prompting Physicians , 2001 .

[274]  S. Reeves,et al.  Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. , 2008, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[275]  A. Dietrich,et al.  Interventions to improve provider diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care. A critical review of the literature. , 2000, Psychosomatics.

[276]  Ruth Richardson.  Education and debate , 2000 .

[277]  G. Penney,et al.  A national audit to monitor and promote the uptake of clinical guidelines on the management of diabetes in pregnancy. , 2000, Clinical performance and quality health care.

[278]  L. Robinson,et al.  A significant case audit of a community-based elderly resource team - An opportunity for multidisciplinary teams to introduce clinical governance? , 2000 .

[279]  A D Oxman,et al.  Educational outreach visits: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes (Cochrane review) , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[280]  R. Hardern.  Effective care of acute asthma in the accident and emergency department. , 1999, Journal of Evaluation In Clinical Practice.

[281]  J. Søgaard,et al.  Long-lasting improvement in general practitioners' prescribing of antibiotics by means of medical audit. , 1999, Scandinavian journal of primary health care.

[282]  D. Pitt.  Improving performance through self-assessment. , 1999, International journal of health care quality assurance incorporating Leadership in health services.

[283]  J. Allison,et al.  Achievable benchmarks of care: the ABCs of benchmarking. , 1999, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[284]  J. Allison,et al.  Can data-driven benchmarks be used to set the goals of healthy people 2010? , 1999, American journal of public health.

[285]  M. Deverill,et al.  Evaluating clinical outcome and staff morale in a rehabilitation team for people with serious mental health problems. , 1999, Journal of advanced nursing.

[286]  K. Aspegren.  BEME Guide No. 2: Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine-a review with quality grading of articles. , 1999, Medical teacher.

[287]  J. Griffiths,et al.  The wider implications of an audit of care plan documentation. , 1999, Journal of clinical nursing.

[288]  Patrice Degoulet,et al.  Decision aids for triage of patients with chest pain: a systematic review of field evaluation studies. , 1999, Proceedings. AMIA Symposium.

[289]  A. Ruston,et al.  Implementing clinical effectiveness: generalising the findings of a project based approach to implementing clinical guidelines for the management of leg ulcers , 1999 .

[290]  J. Lunn.  The history and achievements of the National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths. , 1998, Journal of quality in clinical practice.

[291]  J. Sparrow,et al.  The National Diabetic Retinopathy Laser Treatment Audit. I. Maculopathy , 1998, Eye.

[292]  A. Howe.  Can GPs audit their ability to detect psychological distress? One approach and some unresolved issues. , 1998, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[293]  P. Romano,et al.  The California Hospital Outcomes Project: how useful is California's report card for quality improvement? , 1998, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[294]  D. Gilbert.  Involving patients: lessons from PACE. , 1998, Nursing Times.

[295]  R. Lagoe.  Basic statistics for clinical pathway evaluation. , 1998, Nursing economic$.

[296]  N. A. Black,et al.  A Model for Estimating the Cost-Utility of Clinical Audit: The Example of Thrombolysis for Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction , 1998, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[297]  W. Phillips.  Data collection in continence care. , 1998, Nursing Times.

[298]  W. Perks,et al.  A re-audit of pulmonary function laboratories in the West Midlands. , 1998, Respiratory medicine.

[299]  D. Spiegelhalter,et al.  Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. , 1998, Health technology assessment.

[300]  C. Dunn.  Clinically effective leg ulcer care. , 1998, Nursing Times.

[301]  D. Cousins,et al.  Developing a uniform reporting system for preventable adverse drug events. , 1998, Clinical therapeutics.

[302]  K. Bhatti‐Sinclair,et al.  Analysis of the external audit on ethnically sensitive practice , 1998 .

[303]  Kish Bhatti‐Sinclair Dip Cyw,et al.  Using external audit to review ethnically sensitive practice , 1998 .

[304]  D. Brooker,et al.  The efficacy of Dementia Care Mapping as an audit tool: Report of a 3-year British NHS evaluation , 1998 .

[305]  M. London,et al.  A framework for improving quality. Using project study teams, Providence Health System tackles problem areas. , 1998, Health progress (Saint Louis, Mo.).

[306]  J. Grimshaw.  Evaluation of four quality assurance initiatives to improve out-patient referrals from general practice to hospital. , 1998 .

[307]  M. Dunning.  SECURING CHANGE : LESSONS FROM THE PACE PROGRAMME , 1998 .

[308]  C. Bengtsson,et al.  A model for quality assessment in primary health care using the tracer condition technique with insulin treated diabetes as one of the tracers. , 1997, Scandinavian journal of primary health care.

[309]  J. Earnshaw.  Auditing audit: the cost of the emperor's new clothes. , 1997, British journal of hospital medicine.

[310]  J. Hayman,et al.  Departmental audit in surgical anatomical pathology , 1997, Pathology.

[311]  K. Marek.  Measuring the effectiveness of nursing care. , 1997, Outcomes management for nursing practice.

[312]  D. Tourish,et al.  Communication between nurses and nurse managers: a case study from an NHS Trust. , 1997, Journal of nursing management.

[313]  S. Fonseca,et al.  The relationship between audit, research and policy: lessons from a community paediatric audiology service. , 1997, Child: care, health and development.

[314]  J. Libeer.  Total quality management for clinical laboratories: a need or a new fashion? , 1997, Acta clinica Belgica.

[315]  J. Rimmer,et al.  Accuracy of medication records for patients with learning difficulties: an interface audit between the Phoenix NHS Trust and Avon Primary Care Audit Group , 1997 .

[316]  J. Gladstone,et al.  Focusing on risk: a simple audit study can have a major impact on clinical practice , 1997 .

[317]  A. Gillies.  Improving patient care in the UK: clinical audit in the Oxford Region. , 1996, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[318]  N. A. Black,et al.  Evaluation of the effectiveness of guidelines, audit and feedback: improving the use of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. , 1996, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[319]  A. Whitfield,et al.  The assessment of pain: an audit of physiotherapy practice. , 1996, The Australian journal of physiotherapy.

[320]  S Westin,et al.  Methods for quality assessment in general practice. , 1996, Family practice.

[321]  I. Norman,et al.  Clinical audit, related cycles and types of health care quality: a preliminary model. , 1996, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[322]  M. Kelson,et al.  Promoting user involvement in clinical audit: surveys of audit committees in primary and secondary care , 1996 .

[323]  A. Thompson,et al.  A Neurological Rehabilitation Unit: Audit of Activity and Outcome , 1996, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[324]  A. Szczepura,et al.  Factors influencing audit in general practice. , 1996, International journal of health care quality assurance.

[325]  E A Balas,et al.  Effect of physician profiling on utilization. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. , 1996, Journal of general internal medicine.

[326]  Sue Johnson,et al.  Integrated Care Pathways: An Orthopaedic Experience , 1996 .

[327]  J. Munro,et al.  Changing clinical behaviour on a city‐wide scale: lessons from the FACTS project , 1996 .

[328]  C. Del Mar,et al.  What is the quality of general practitioner records in Australia? , 1996, Australian family physician.

[329]  D. Forsyth,et al.  Audit of prescribing safety in a department of medicine for the elderly , 1996 .

[330]  Joyce A. Mitchell,et al.  Effect of physician reminders on preventive care: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. , 1994, Proceedings. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care.

[331]  J Lomas,et al.  Words without action? The production, dissemination, and impact of consensus recommendations. , 1991, Annual review of public health.

[332]  J. Beaudry.  The Effectiveness of Continuing Medical Education: A Quantitative Synthesis. , 1989 .

[333]  R. Haynes,et al.  A taxonomy and critical review of tested strategies for the application of clinical practice recommendations: from "official" to "individual" clinical policy. , 1988, American journal of preventive medicine.

[334]  V. Arthur.  The quality initiative. , 1986 .

[335]  S. Abrahamson,et al.  Effectiveness of continuing medical education: a review of the evidence. , 1979, Evaluation & the health professions.