A semi-dynamic heart model for UWB microwave transmission simulations and hardware evaluation

In this paper, we present a simplified semi-dynamic heart model for investigation of microwave transmission heart monitoring systems between 1.5 and 4 GHz in both simulation and measurement. We aim to validate that our proposed heart model is able to represent the heart structure at microwave frequencies by comparing our model to an accurate numerical heart model (anHM) from the ITIS foundation virtual population. Our simple numerical heart model (snHM) (simulation) and physical heart model (pHM) (measurement) are evaluated in a simplified human chest model using an UWB biomedical sensor. In simulation, the transmission parameter shows agreement with the time domain peak of −94.5 dB for the snHM and −96.4 dB in the anHM. The anHM and pHM transmission signal characteristics were then compared showing good agreement. Our heart model is able to represent the heart between 1.5 and 4.0 GHz and represents a step toward a real time dynamic heart model for hardware evaluation.

[1]  M. King,et al.  A mathematical model of motion of the heart for use in generating source and attenuation maps for simulating emission imaging. , 1999, Medical physics.

[2]  E L Ritman,et al.  Invariant total heart volume in the intact thorax. , 1985, The American journal of physiology.

[3]  I.E. Magnin,et al.  A realistic anthropomorphic dynamic heart phantom , 2005, Computers in Cardiology, 2005.

[4]  A. Guy,et al.  Nonionizing electromagnetic wave effects in biological materials and systems , 1972 .

[5]  T. Staudinger,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart during positive end‐expiratory pressure ventilation in normal subjects , 1994, Critical care medicine.

[6]  E. C. Fear,et al.  Shielded UWB Sensor for Biomedical Applications , 2012, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[7]  M. Kwok,et al.  Noninvasive detection of ventricular wall motion by electromagnetic coupling , 1991, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[8]  Marcus Carlsson,et al.  Total heart volume variation throughout the cardiac cycle in humans. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[9]  Martin Caon,et al.  Voxel-based computational models of real human anatomy: a review , 2004, Radiation and environmental biophysics.

[10]  John Daniel Garrett,et al.  Average Dielectric Property Analysis of Non-Uniform Structures: Tissue Phantom Development, Ultra-Wideband Transmission Measurements, and Signal Processing Techniques , 2014 .

[11]  Hyoung-sun Youn,et al.  A Noninvasive Microwave Sensor and Signal Processing Technique for Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[12]  W. Segars,et al.  4D XCAT phantom for multimodality imaging research. , 2010, Medical physics.

[13]  S. Kovacs,et al.  Assessment and consequences of the constant-volume attribute of the four-chambered heart. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[14]  James C. Lin,et al.  Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: a review. , 1992, Bioelectromagnetics.

[15]  Jeremie Bourqui,et al.  Measurement and Analysis of Microwave Frequency Signals Transmitted through the Breast , 2012, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging.

[16]  M. Lindstrom,et al.  A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal breast tissue obtained from reduction surgeries , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  Guido Biffi Gentili,et al.  A versatile microwave plethysmograph for the monitoring of physiological parameters , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[18]  E. Neufeld,et al.  IT’IS Database for Thermal and Electromagnetic Parameters of Biological Tissues , 2012 .

[19]  W. F. Hamilton,et al.  MOVEMENTS OF THE BASE OF THE VENTRICLE AND THE RELATIVE CONSTANCY OF THE CARDIAC VOLUME , 1932 .

[20]  Niels Kuster,et al.  The Virtual Family—development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[21]  M. Okoniewski,et al.  Precision open-ended coaxial probes for in vivo and ex vivo dielectric spectroscopy of biological tissues at microwave frequencies , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.