Design and Electrochemical Characterization of Spiral Electrochemical Notification Coupled Electrode (SENCE) Platform for Biosensing Application

C-reactive protein (CRP) is considered to be an important biomarker associated with many diseases. During any physiological inflammation, the level of CRP reaches its peak at 48 h, whereas its half-life is around 19 h. Hence, the detection of low-level CRP is an important task for the prognostic management of diseases like cancer, stress, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and so on. There are various techniques available in the market to detect low-level CRP like ELISA, Western blot, etc. An electrochemical biosensor is one of the important miniaturized platforms which provides sensitivity along with ease of operation. The most important element of an electrochemical biosensor platform is the electrode which, upon functionalization with a probe, captures the selective antibody–antigen interaction and produces a digital signal in the form of potential/current. Optimization of the electrode design can increase the sensitivity of the sensor by 5–10-fold. Herein, we come up with a new sensor design called the spiral electrochemical notification coupled electrode (SENCE) where the working electrode (WE) is concentric in nature, which shows better response than the market-available standard screen-printed electrode. The sensor is thoroughly characterized using a standard Ferro/Ferri couple. The sensing performance of the fabricated platform is also characterized by the detection of standard H2O2 using a diffusion-driven technique, and a low detection limit of 15 µM was achieved. Furthermore, we utilized the platform to detect a low level (100 ng/mL) of CRP in synthetic sweat. The manuscript provides emphasis on the design of a sensor that can offer good sensitivity in electrochemical biosensing applications.

[1]  Pietro Salvo,et al.  Sensors and Biosensors for C-Reactive Protein, Temperature and pH, and Their Applications for Monitoring Wound Healing: A Review , 2017, Sensors.

[2]  S. Prasad,et al.  Silicon Nanosensor for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Proteomic Markers , 2013, Journal of laboratory automation.

[3]  N. Pourmand,et al.  Label-Free Impedance Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges. , 2007, Electroanalysis.

[4]  J. Sipe,et al.  Analytical Evaluation of Particle-Enhanced Immunonephelometric Assays for C-Reactive Protein, Serum Amyloid a and Mannose-Binding Protein in Human Serum , 1998, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[5]  Shalini Prasad,et al.  Lancet-free and label-free diagnostics of glucose in sweat using Zinc Oxide based flexible bioelectronics , 2017 .

[6]  U. Singh,et al.  Human C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome , 2009, Current opinion in lipidology.

[7]  Wei Li,et al.  An ELISA Assay for Quantifying Monomeric C-Reactive Protein in Plasma , 2018, Front. Immunol..

[8]  R. de Marco,et al.  Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy—A Simple Method for the Characterization of Polymer Inclusion Membranes Containing Aliquat 336 , 2011, Membranes.

[9]  S. Prasad,et al.  Enzymatic Low Volume Passive Sweat Based Assays for Multi-Biomarker Detection , 2019, Biosensors.

[10]  S. Prasad,et al.  Non-faradaic electrochemical impedimetric profiling of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as a dual marker biosensor for early sepsis detection , 2019, Analytica chimica acta: X.

[11]  Drew A. Hall,et al.  Point-of-Care Smartphone-based Electrochemical Biosensing , 2018, Electroanalysis.

[12]  J. Ashworth,et al.  Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection , 2018, Front. Immunol..

[13]  M. Allison,et al.  The association between chronic stress type and C-reactive protein in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: does gender make a difference? , 2012, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[14]  M. Murata Inflammation and cancer , 2018, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.

[15]  J. Cristol,et al.  Immunoturbidimetric Determination of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity CRP on Heparin Plasma. Comparison with Serum Determination , 2003, Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine.

[16]  Raj Solanki,et al.  3D nanogap interdigitated electrode array biosensors , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[17]  Arch G Mainous,et al.  C-reactive protein and glycemic control in adults with diabetes. , 2003, Diabetes care.

[18]  S. Prasad,et al.  Rapid electrochemical device for single-drop point-of-use screening of parathyroid hormone , 2019, Bioelectronics in Medicine.

[19]  Miguel Holgado,et al.  A New Device Based on Interferometric Optical Detection Method for Label-Free Screening of C-Reactive Protein , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[20]  Henrik Ekström,et al.  COMSOL Multiphysics®: Finite element software for electrochemical analysis. A mini-review , 2014 .

[21]  Yang‐Kyu Choi,et al.  CRP detection from serum for chip-based point-of-care testing system. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  A. C. Fernandes,et al.  TiCxOy thin films for decorative applications : tribocorrosion mechanisms and synergism , 2008 .

[23]  S. Prasad,et al.  Fully electronic urine dipstick probe for combinatorial detection of inflammatory biomarkers , 2018, Future science OA.

[24]  S. Prasad,et al.  Investigation of molybdenum-crosslinker interfaces for affinity based electrochemical biosensing applications , 2018 .

[25]  Yifan Dai,et al.  Recent Advances on Electrochemical Biosensing Strategies toward Universal Point of Care Systems. , 2019, Angewandte Chemie.

[26]  F. Lisdat,et al.  The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[27]  Shobhita Singal,et al.  Single Frequency Impedance Analysis on Reduced Graphene Oxide Screen-Printed Electrode for Biomolecular Detection , 2017, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.

[28]  P. Ridker Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. , 2003, Circulation.

[29]  M. Pohanka Piezoelectric Immunosensor for the Determination of C- Reactive Protein , 2019, International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

[30]  G. Shurin,et al.  C-reactive protein and lung diseases. , 2014, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.