Optimization of the Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power System Using the Control Mode of the Required Load Power on the DC Bus

In this paper, a systematic analysis of seven control topologies is performed, based on three possible control variables of the power generated by the Fuel Cell (FC) system: the reference input of the controller for the FC boost converter, and the two reference inputs used by the air regulator and the fuel regulator. The FC system will generate power based on the Required-Power-Following (RPF) control mode in order to ensure the load demand, operating as the main energy source in an FC hybrid power system. The FC system will operate as a backup energy source in an FC renewable Hybrid Power System (by ensuring the lack of power on the DC bus, which is given by the load power minus the renewable power). Thus, power requested from the batteries’ stack will be almost zero during operation of the FC hybrid power system based on RPF-control mode. If the FC hybrid power system operates with a variable load demand, then the lack or excess of power on the DC bus will be dynamically ensured by the hybrid battery/ultracapacitor energy storage system for a safe transition of the FC system under the RPF-control mode. The RPF-control mode will ensure a fair comparison of the seven control topologies based on the same optimization function to improve the fuel savings. The main objective of this paper is to compare the fuel economy obtained by using each strategy under different load cycles in order to identify which is the best strategy operating across entire loading or the best switching strategy using two strategies: one strategy for high load and the other on the rest of the load range. Based on the preliminary results, the fuel consumption using these best strategies can be reduced by more than 15%, compared to commercial strategies.

[1]  Salsabil Gherairi,et al.  Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Design and Control of a Hybrid System (Fuel Cell/Battery/Ultra-Capacitor) Supplied by Hydrogen , 2019, Energies.

[2]  S.M.T. Bathaee,et al.  Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy , 2018 .

[3]  Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja,et al.  A perturbation strategy for fuel consumption minimization in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Analysis, Design and FPGA implementation , 2014 .

[4]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Energy optimization of fuel cell system by using global extremum seeking algorithm , 2017 .

[5]  E. MacA. Gray,et al.  Optimization and integration of hybrid renewable energy hydrogen fuel cell energy systems – A critical review , 2017 .

[6]  Parminder Singh,et al.  A Novel Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage-Based Proton Battery for Renewable Energy Storage , 2018, Energies.

[7]  Boe-Shong Hong,et al.  Experimental Study on a Passive Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System , 2013 .

[8]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Performance analysis of the tracking of the global extreme on multimodal patterns using the Asymptotic Perturbed Extremum Seeking Control scheme , 2017 .

[9]  Fu-Cheng Wang,et al.  Impacts of Load Profiles on the Optimization of Power Management of a Green Building Employing Fuel Cells , 2018, Energies.

[10]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system , 2018, Applied Energy.

[11]  Phatiphat Thounthong,et al.  Designing and modelling of the asymptotic perturbed extremum seeking control scheme for tracking the global extreme , 2017 .

[12]  Hassan Fathabadi.  Novel fast and high accuracy maximum power point tracking method for hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell energy conversion systems , 2017 .

[13]  Chul-Hwan Kim,et al.  Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Energy Resources for a Smart Home , 2018 .

[14]  Huei Peng,et al.  Power management and design optimization of fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicles , 2007 .

[15]  Pierluigi Siano,et al.  Recent advances and challenges of fuel cell based power system architectures and control – A review , 2017 .

[16]  Chee Wei Tan,et al.  A review on stand-alone photovoltaic-wind energy system with fuel cell: System optimization and energy management strategy , 2019, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[17]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Global Extremum Seeking Control of the power generated by a Photovoltaic Array under Partially Shaded Conditions , 2016 .

[18]  Mehdi Ashjaee,et al.  The effects of driving patterns and PEM fuel cell degradation on the lifecycle assessment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles , 2020 .

[19]  Fu-Cheng Wang,et al.  The Optimization of Hybrid Power Systems with Renewable Energy and Hydrogen Generation , 2018, Energies.

[20]  Dolf Gielen,et al.  The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation , 2019, Energy Strategy Reviews.

[21]  Mihai Oproescu,et al.  Real-time strategy to optimize the airflow rate of fuel cell hybrid power source under variable load cycle , 2017, 2017 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE).

[22]  Kevin Kendall,et al.  China Progress on Renewable Energy Vehicles: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen and Battery Hybrid Vehicles , 2018, Energies.

[23]  José Manuel Andújar,et al.  A review of energy management strategies for renewable hybrid energy systems with hydrogen backup , 2018 .

[24]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Energy efficiency of multiport power converters used in plug-in/V2G fuel cell vehicles , 2012 .

[25]  Phatiphat Thounthong,et al.  Real-time strategies to optimize the fueling of the fuel cell hybrid power source: A review of issues, challenges and a new approach , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[26]  Andres Barrado,et al.  Analysis and Sizing of Power Distribution Architectures Applied to Fuel Cell Based Vehicles , 2018, Energies.

[27]  Lefteris Doitsidis,et al.  Experimental Research of Transmissions on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption , 2019 .

[28]  Wei Wu,et al.  Simulation of a stabilised control strategy for PEM fuel cell and supercapacitor hybrid propulsion system for a city bus , 2018, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[29]  Phatiphat Thounthong,et al.  Air Flow Real‐time Optimization Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources with Fuel Flow Based on Load‐following , 2018, Fuel Cells.

[30]  Mohammed A. Hannan,et al.  Optimization of energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles: Issues and recommendations , 2018, Applied Energy.

[31]  Sabrina Abdeddaim,et al.  Optimal energy control of a PV-fuel cell hybrid system , 2017 .

[32]  Ying Han,et al.  System Design and Energy Management for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Forklift , 2018, Energies.

[33]  Alexandros Arsalis,et al.  A Decentralized, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System for Application to a Commercial Building , 2018, Energies.

[34]  Petronilla Fragiacomo,et al.  Electrical and thermal analysis of an intermediate temperature IIR‐SOFC system fed by biogas , 2018 .

[35]  Mihai Oproescu,et al.  Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/ FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control , 2018, Energies.

[36]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Real-time optimization strategies of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems based on Load-following control: A new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained , 2019, Applied Energy.

[37]  Dongdong Zhang,et al.  Standardized modelling and economic optimization of multi-carrier energy systems considering energy storage and demand response , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[38]  Richard Bucknall,et al.  Development and Evaluation of a Degree of Hybridisation Identification Strategy for a Fuel Cell Supercapacitor Hybrid Bus , 2019, Energies.

[39]  Wei Guo,et al.  Optimization of critical parameters of PEM fuel cell using TLBO-DE based on Elman neural network , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[40]  Rayhane Koubaa,et al.  Double layer metaheuristic based energy management strategy for a Fuel Cell/Ultra-Capacitor hybrid electric vehicle , 2017 .

[41]  Phatiphat Thounthong,et al.  Hydrogen economy of the fuel cell hybrid power system optimized by air flow control to mitigate the effect of the uncertainty about available renewable power and load dynamics , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[42]  Marco Sorrentino,et al.  Development of flexible procedures for co-optimizing design and control of fuel cell hybrid vehicles , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[43]  Vincenzo Antonucci,et al.  Numerical simulation model for the preliminary design of hybrid electric city bus power train with polymer electrolyte fuel cell , 2014 .

[44]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Real-time optimization strategy for fuel cell hybrid power sources with load-following control of the fuel or air flow , 2018 .

[45]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Hydrogen saving through optimized control of both fueling flows of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System under a variable load demand and an unknown renewable power profile , 2019 .

[46]  Kodjo Agbossou,et al.  Optimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system , 2016 .

[47]  Liangfei Xu,et al.  Multi-objective energy management optimization and parameter sizing for proton exchange membrane hybrid fuel cell vehicles , 2016 .

[48]  Young-Bae Kim,et al.  Optimized power management based on adaptive-PMP algorithm for a stationary PEM fuel cell/battery hybrid system , 2018, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[49]  Laiq Khan,et al.  Energy management and control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging stations in a grid-connected hybrid power system , 2017 .

[50]  Bin Li,et al.  A review of power management strategies and component sizing methods for hybrid vehicles , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[51]  Phatiphat Thounthong,et al.  Fuel economy using the global optimization of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[52]  Søren Knudsen Kær,et al.  Fault Characterization of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack , 2019, Energies.

[53]  Nicu Bizon,et al.  Hybrid power sources (HPSs) for space applications: Analysis of PEMFC/Battery/SMES HPS under unknown load containing pulses , 2019, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[54]  Alin Mazare,et al.  Optimization of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell hybrid power system for residential buildings , 2018 .

[55]  Yingru Zhao,et al.  Modelling of a solid oxide fuel cell CHP system coupled with a hot water storage tank for a single household , 2015 .

[56]  Petronilla Fragiacomo,et al.  Performance Analysis of an Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Test Bench under a CO 2 -H 2 O Feed Stream , 2018 .

[57]  Emmanuel Ogungbemi,et al.  Evaluating the Effect of Metal Bipolar Plate Coating on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells , 2018, Energies.

[58]  Chen Yang,et al.  Multi-objective optimization of the hybrid wind/solar/fuel cell distributed generation system using Hammersley Sequence Sampling , 2017 .

[59]  Reza Langari,et al.  Intelligent energy management agent for a parallel hybrid vehicle-part II: torque distribution, charge sustenance strategies, and performance results , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[60]  Mahmoud Moghavvemi,et al.  Energy management strategies in hybrid renewable energy systems: A review , 2016 .

[61]  Alin Mazare,et al.  Real-time strategy to optimize the fuel flow rate of fuel cell hybrid power source under variable load cycle , 2017, 2017 9th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI).

[62]  Jocelyn Wishart,et al.  Computational design and optimization of fuel cells and fuel cell systems: A review , 2011 .