Studying family communication: Multiple methods and multiple sources

Family communication can be studied using a variety of methodologies, such as self-report, observational and experimental. In this chapter, we discuss the various ways these methodologies can be employed, and the issues related to each of them. Although we provide examples of studies using the various methodologies, we do not claim to cover the field in any comprehensive way, but rather to use illustrative examples, including some from our own work. Research can also involve a quantitative or a qualitative perspective, although both types of data are sometimes collected in the same study. Quantitative methodologies involve individuals receiving scores-for example, on a questionnaire, as a reaction time in an experiment, or as the frequency with which a particular behavior was observed. These scores can then be analyzed statistically. In contrast, qualitative methodologies tend not to be based on numbers, and may involve intensive interviews, or content analysis of utterances or written statements. Qualitative methodologies focus on the experience of participants, often as recorded in their own words. All methods (whether basically quantitative or qualitative) have advantages and disadvantages. Hence, the key issue is the appropriateness of a methodology for answering a particular research question, and different methods may be usefully combined to provide more comprehensive analyses. Self-report methods are often used to study family communication, either alone or in combination with other methodologies. Self-report methods include questionnaires, diaries, and other experience-sampling techniques. Interviews also involve self-report, facilitated by the interviewer.