Sensory bases of navigation

Navigating animals need to know both the bearing of their goal (the 'map' step), and how to determine that direction (the 'compass' step). Compasses are typically arranged in hierarchies, with magnetic backup as a last resort when celestial information is unavailable. Magnetic information is often essential to calibrating celestial cues, though, and repeated recalibration between celestial and magnetic compasses is important in many species. Most magnetic compasses are based on magnetite crystals, but others make use of induction or paramagnetic interactions between short-wavelength light and visual pigments. Though odors may be used in some cases, most if not all long-range maps probably depend on magnetite. Magnetitebased map senses are used to measure only latitude in some species, but provide the distance and direction of the goal in others.

[1]  K. Able.  Orientation cues used by migratory birds: A review of cue-conflict experiments. , 1993, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[2]  Wallraff.  Seven theses on pigeon homing deduced from empirical findings , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[3]  Wiltschko.  The function of olfactory input in pigeon orientation: does it provide navigational information or play another role? , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[4]  A. Kalmijn.  Experimental Evidence of Geomagnetic Orientation in Elasmobranch Fishes , 1978 .

[5]  W. Wiltschko,et al.  Magnetic information affects the stellar orientation of young bird migrants , 1996, Nature.

[6]  W. Wiltschko,et al.  A Magnetic Polarity Compass for Direction Finding in a Subterranean Mammal , 1997, Naturwissenschaften.

[7]  Constant compass calibration , 1995, Nature.

[8]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Honey Bee Orientation: A Backup System for Cloudy Days , 1981, Science.

[9]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals. , 1981, Bio Systems.

[10]  Able.  The flexible migratory orientation system of the savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[11]  J. L. Gould.  Birds lost in the red , 1993, Nature.

[12]  T. Collett,et al.  Insect navigation en route to the goal: multiple strategies for the use of landmarks , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[13]  K. Schmidt-Koenig,et al.  Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing , 1978 .

[14]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Bees Have Rules , 1979, Science.

[15]  J. L. Gould,et al.  The case for magnetic sensitivity in birds and bees (such as it is). , 1980 .

[16]  R. Wiltschko,et al.  Avian Orientation: Multiple Sensory Cues and the Advantage of Redundancy , 1994 .

[17]  R. Menzel,et al.  Bees travel novel homeward routes by integrating separately acquired vector memories , 1998, Animal Behaviour.

[18]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Bees Have Magnetic Remanence , 1978, Science.

[19]  P. Berthold,et al.  Genetic basis of migratory behavior in European warblers. , 1981, Science.

[20]  Walker,et al.  On a Wing and a Vector: a Model for Magnetic Navigation by Homing Pigeons. , 1998, Journal of theoretical biology.

[21]  Klaus Schmidt-Koenig,et al.  Migration and Homing in Animals , 1975 .

[22]  J. L. Gould.  The Locale Map of Honey Bees: Do Insects Have Cognitive Maps? , 1986, Science.

[23]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Honey bee navigation. , 1983 .

[24]  S T Emlen,et al.  Celestial Rotation: Its Importance in the Development of Migratory Orientation , 1970, Science.

[25]  R. Wehner,et al.  Visual navigation in insects: coupling of egocentric and geocentric information , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[26]  W. Tuckwell,et al.  The Honey Bee , 1891, Nature.

[27]  Patrick R. Green,et al.  Perception and Motor Control in Birds , 1994, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[28]  Lohmann.  DETECTION OF MAGNETIC INCLINATION ANGLE BY SEA TURTLES: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR DETERMINING LATITUDE , 1994, The Journal of experimental biology.

[29]  K. Able,et al.  Interactions in the flexible orientation system of a migratory bird , 1995, Nature.

[30]  Dr. Roswitha Wiltschko,et al.  Magnetic Orientation in Animals , 1995, Zoophysiology.

[31]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Pigeons have magnets. , 1979, Science.

[32]  Abl.  The debate over olfactory navigation by homing pigeons , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[33]  Chin-Yuan Hsu,et al.  Magnetoreception in Honeybees , 1994, Science.

[34]  J. Kirschvink.  Magnetoreception: Homing in on vertebrates , 1997, Nature.

[35]  J. L. Gould,et al.  The map sense of pigeons , 1982, Nature.

[36]  M. Leask.  Primitive Models of Magnetoreception , 1978 .

[37]  Robert C. Beason,et al.  PIGEON HOMING: EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC PULSES ON INITIAL ORIENTATION , 1997 .

[38]  R. Wiltschko,et al.  Evidence for a Magnetite-Based Navigational “Map” in Birds , 1997, Naturwissenschaften.

[39]  Fly (almost) south young bird , 1996, Nature.

[40]  R. Blakemore.  Magnetotactic bacteria , 1975, Science.

[41]  Wolfgang Wiltschko,et al.  Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds , 1993, Nature.

[42]  Helbig.  Genetic basis, mode of inheritance and evolutionary changes of migratory directions in palaearctic warblers (Aves: Sylviidae) , 1996, The Journal of experimental biology.

[43]  John C. Montgomery,et al.  Structure and function of the vertebrate magnetic sense , 1997, Nature.

[44]  K. Lohmann.  Magnetic orientation by hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). , 1991, The Journal of experimental biology.

[45]  Kenneth J. Lohmann,et al.  Detection of magnetic field intensity by sea turtles , 1996, Nature.

[46]  J. Kirschvink,et al.  A Candidate Magnetic Sense Organ in the Yellowfin Tuna, Thunnus albacares , 1984, Science.

[47]  J. L. Gould,et al.  Skylight Polarization patterns and Animal Orientation , 1982 .

[48]  J. Kirschvink,et al.  Evidence that fin whales respond to the geomagnetic field during migration. , 1992, The Journal of experimental biology.