Energy-Aware Temporal Reachability Graphs for Time-Varying Mobile Opportunistic Networks

With the rapid emergence of applications in Mobile Opportunistic Networks (MONs), understanding and characterizing their properties becomes extremely important. A fundamental model for MONs is time-varying graph, which currently remains poorly understood since many well-recognized properties of static graphs have no obvious counterpart in dynamic ones. In MONs, the dynamical links change opportunistically and usually the system energy is very limited, which results in unique and unknown properties about the network connectivity and reachability. In this paper, taking the communication energy into account, we introduce the concept of Energy-aware Temporal Reachability Graphs (ETRG), which characterizes the connectivity of MONs with the consideration of communication consumed energy, and consequently reveals the communication capabilities of MONs with the given of real-world system parameters of data size, tolerable delay, and energy budget. We come up with efficient algorithm to calculate ETRG from the corresponding time-varying graphs. By applying ETRG to several mobile networks recorded by real-life human and vehicular mobility traces, we characterize their network connectivity properties in terms of average reachability, communication asymmetry, and stability. Moreover, utilizing ETRG that places upper bounds of the communications capabilities, we reveal the fundamental relations and tradeoffs among large-scale variability of the system metrics of energy budget, tolerable delay, and data size on the system performance.

[1]  Siu-Ming Yiu,et al.  A Dynamic Trust Framework for Opportunistic Mobile Social Networks , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management.

[2]  Ariel Orda,et al.  Shortest-path and minimum-delay algorithms in networks with time-dependent edge-length , 1990, JACM.

[3]  Lieguang Zeng,et al.  Energy-Efficient Optimal Opportunistic Forwarding for Delay-Tolerant Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[4]  Christophe Diot,et al.  Impact of Human Mobility on Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[5]  Ryan Newton,et al.  The pothole patrol: using a mobile sensor network for road surface monitoring , 2008, MobiSys '08.

[6]  Daxin Tian,et al.  Optimal epidemic broadcasting for vehicular ad hoc networks , 2014, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[7]  J. De Vriendt,et al.  Mobile network evolution: a revolution on the move , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[8]  Xia Wang,et al.  Fundamental Analysis on Data Dissemination in Mobile Opportunistic Networks With Lévy Mobility , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[9]  Pan Hui,et al.  Revealing contact interval patterns in large scale urban vehicular ad hoc networks , 2012, SIGCOMM '12.

[10]  Injong Rhee,et al.  SLAW: A New Mobility Model for Human Walks , 2009, IEEE INFOCOM 2009.

[11]  Pan Hui,et al.  Pocket Switched Networks: Real-world mobility and its consequences for opportunistic forwarding , 2005 .

[12]  Sudip Misra,et al.  Energy-Efficient and Distributed Network Management Cost Minimization in Opportunistic Wireless Body Area Networks , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[13]  George J. Pappas,et al.  Distributed connectivity control of mobile networks , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[14]  Sheng Chen,et al.  Collaborative Vehicular Content Dissemination with Directional Antennas , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[15]  Margaret Martonosi Embedded systems in the wild: ZebraNet software, hardware, and deployment experiences , 2006, LCTES.

[16]  Pan Hui,et al.  BUBBLE Rap: Social-Based Forwarding in Delay-Tolerant Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[17]  Laurent Massoulié,et al.  The diameter of opportunistic mobile networks , 2007, CoNEXT '07.

[18]  Sau-Hsuan Wu,et al.  Cross-Layer Performance Analysis of Cooperative ARQ With Opportunistic Multi-Point Relaying in Mobile Networks , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[19]  Kevin C. Almeroth,et al.  Real-world environment models for mobile network evaluation , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[20]  Marco Fiore,et al.  On the instantaneous topology of a large-scale urban vehicular network: the cologne case , 2013, MobiHoc '13.

[21]  Kevin R. Fall,et al.  A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[22]  Kathleen M. Carley Dynamic Network Analysis , 2003 .

[23]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Power Law and Exponential Decay of Intercontact Times between Mobile Devices , 2010, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[24]  Yuanqing Xia,et al.  Optimal Online Data Dissemination for Resource Constrained Mobile Opportunistic Networks , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[25]  A. R. Wallace,et al.  Optimal power flow evaluation of distribution network capacity for the connection of distributed generation , 2005 .

[26]  Jie Wu,et al.  TOUR: Time-sensitive Opportunistic Utility-based Routing in delay tolerant networks , 2013, 2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[27]  Sheng Chen,et al.  Exponential and Power Law Distribution of Contact Duration in Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2013, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[28]  Arun Venkataramani,et al.  DTN routing as a resource allocation problem , 2007, SIGCOMM '07.

[29]  Tapas Kumar Patra,et al.  Forwarding in Heterogeneous Mobile Opportunistic Networks , 2018, IEEE Communications Letters.

[30]  王云鹏,et al.  An adaptive vehicular epidemic routing method based on attractor selection model , 2016 .

[31]  Amit Kumar,et al.  Connectivity and inference problems for temporal networks , 2000, Symposium on the Theory of Computing.

[32]  Jean-Loup Guillaume,et al.  Temporal reachability graphs , 2012, Mobicom '12.

[33]  Marcelo Dias de Amorim,et al.  The strength of vicinity annexation in opportunistic networking , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS).

[34]  Aravind Srinivasan,et al.  Mobile Data Offloading through Opportunistic Communications and Social Participation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[35]  Mostafa Ammar,et al.  Social Forwarding in Mobile Opportunistic Networks: A Case of PeopleRank , 2012 .

[36]  Joachim Parrow,et al.  An algebraic verification of a mobile network , 1992, Formal Aspects of Computing.

[37]  Marcelo Dias de Amorim,et al.  DROid: Adapting to individual mobility pays off in mobile data offloading , 2014, 2014 IFIP Networking Conference.

[38]  Minglu Li,et al.  Impact of Traffic Influxes: Revealing Exponential Intercontact Time in Urban VANETs , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[39]  Wei Wang,et al.  Adaptive contact probing mechanisms for delay tolerant applications , 2007, MobiCom '07.