The Error-Related Negativity

We look back on the events surrounding the genesis of our 1993 article on the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential that accompanies errors in the performance of speeded-response tasks. Our reminiscences focus on the personal friendships, intellectual influences, and chance occurrences that shaped the article. To put our work in historical context, we consider subsequent trends in neuroimaging, computational modeling, and psychiatry that gave the ERN high visibility and contributed to the longevity of its scientific interest.

[1]  David E. Irwin,et al.  Modern mental chronometry , 1988, Biological Psychology.

[2]  M. Posner,et al.  Localization of a Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation , 1994 .

[3]  P. Rabbitt.  Errors and error correction in choice-response tasks. , 1966, Journal of experimental psychology.

[4]  Marina Schmid,et al.  An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique , 2016 .

[5]  M. Botvinick,et al.  Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. , 1998, Science.

[6]  N. Brüggemann,et al.  Predictive coding and adaptive behavior in patients with genetically determined cerebellar ataxia––A neurophysiology study , 2019, NeuroImage: Clinical.

[7]  W. Gehring,et al.  Functions of the Medial Frontal Cortex in the Processing of Conflict and Errors , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[8]  W. Gehring,et al.  Withdrawn/Depressed Behaviors and Error-Related Brain Activity in Youth With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. , 2016, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[9]  R. Kotov,et al.  Error-related negativity (ERN) and sustained threat: Conceptual framework and empirical evaluation in an adolescent sample. , 2016, Psychophysiology.

[10]  W. Gehring,et al.  Action-Monitoring Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , 2000, Psychological science.

[11]  William J. Gehring,et al.  The Error-Related Negativity (ERN/Ne) , 2011 .

[12]  M. Botvinick,et al.  Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. , 2001, Psychological review.

[13]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task , 1974 .

[14]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. , 2004, Psychological review.

[15]  Tim P. Moran,et al.  On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a meta-analysis and conceptual framework , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[16]  N. Yeung,et al.  On the ERN and the significance of errors. , 2005, Psychophysiology.

[17]  M. Posner,et al.  Differential Involvement of Three Brain Regions during Mouse Skill Learning , 2019, eNeuro.

[18]  Akshay Kumar,et al.  Error-Related Neural Responses Recorded by Electroencephalography During Post-stroke Rehabilitation Movements , 2019, Front. Neurorobot..

[19]  Clay B. Holroyd,et al.  The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. , 2002, Psychological review.

[20]  M. Frank,et al.  Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control , 2014, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[21]  E. Donchin,et al.  Event-related brain potentials and error-related processing: an analysis of incorrect responses to go and no-go stimuli. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[22]  W. Ziegler.  The Oxford Handbook Of Event Related Potential Components , 2016 .

[23]  M. Coles.  Modern mind-brain reading: psychophysiology, physiology, and cognition. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[24]  M G Coles,et al.  A brain potential manifestation of error-related processing. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[25]  B. Burle,et al.  Error negativity on correct trials: a reexamination of available data , 2003, Biological Psychology.

[26]  D. Meyer.  On the representation and retrieval of stored semantic information , 1970 .

[27]  V. B. Brooks,et al.  ‘Error’ potentials in limbic cortex (anterior cingulate area 24) of monkeys during motor learning , 1986, Neuroscience Letters.

[28]  D. Tucker,et al.  Mood, personality, and self-monitoring: negative affect and emotionality in relation to frontal lobe mechanisms of error monitoring. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[29]  Dong Ming,et al.  A Pilot Study on Falling-Risk Detection Method Based on Postural Perturbation Evoked Potential Features , 2019, Sensors.

[30]  D. Meyer,et al.  A Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation , 1993 .

[31]  C. Braun,et al.  Event-Related Brain Potentials Following Incorrect Feedback in a Time-Estimation Task: Evidence for a Generic Neural System for Error Detection , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[32]  Derek W. Johnston,et al.  The relationship between cardiovascular responses in the laboratory and in the field. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[33]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[34]  Chen Qu,et al.  The neural correlate of mid-value offers in ultimatum game , 2019, PloS one.

[35]  Wim Fias,et al.  Post-error slowing: An orienting account , 2009, Cognition.

[36]  Clay B. Holroyd,et al.  Why is there an ERN/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus-related components, and the theory of error-processing , 2001, Biological Psychology.