Hydrothermal synthesis and luminescence behavior of lanthanide-doped GdF/sub 3/ nanoparticles

The lanthanide-doped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles have been produced by a simply hydrothermal synthesis procedure. The excitation and emission spectra of the Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles showed that the excitation energy of Gd<sup>3+</sup> is efficiently transferred to Eu<sup>3+</sup> in the Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles. Due to very low phonon energies of GdF <sub>3</sub> matrix, the <sup>5</sup>D<sub>1</sub> emission of Eu<sup>3+ </sup> ions in the Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles can be observed at room temperature when the doping concentration of Eu <sup>3+</sup> ions is lower than 15 mol%. The luminescence intensity of the Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles increased with increasing concentration of Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions and reached a maximum at approximately 15 mol%. The Er<sup>3+</sup>-doped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles exhibit the typical emission spectra of Er<sup>3+</sup> in the near-infrared region. The upconversion emission of the Er<sup>3+ </sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> codoped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles can also be observed. However, the upconversion emission intensity of the Er<sup>3+ </sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup>-codoped GdF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles was much weaker than that of the Er<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup>-codoped GdF<sub>3</sub> bulk crystal

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