Functional Imaging of the Brain by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Publisher Summary Evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has resulted in visualization of the anatomical structures in the living human brain with high spatial resolution and contrast. The structural information with detail that is evident in such magnetic resonance images has been complemented with biochemical and metabolic information following the development of magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods that provide chemical shift and spatial encoding. The noninvasive nature of these spectroscopic methods has enabled the investigation of intracellular metabolism and bioenergetics in preparations ranging from intact cells in suspension to humans. Among the plethora of biomedical applications with magnetic resonance, an avidly pursued new dimension is the acquisition of physiological information, such as tissue perfusion and function. A recent development in this new dimension is the ability to obtain functional maps that depict regions of the human brain that are activated during the performance of a specific task and permit the investigation of the extraordinary capabilities unique to the human brain. The basic MRI methods under development are blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging, imaging based on first-pass exogenous vascular contrast agents, and blood perfusion imaging using inversion-recovery methods. This chapter focuses on BOLD-based functional brain mapping.

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