Chapter 1 Neural mechanisms of visual orienting responses

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neural mechanisms of visual orienting responses. Orienting has several components—(1) the reflexive response triggered by the appearance of an object in the visual field; (2) the internally programmed, exploratory motor search that may occur without a specific visual target; and (3) the shift of attention that accompanies both reflex and search. The chapter distinguishes three components of the orienting response—(1) targeting (directional), (2) arousal, and (3) perceptual. Orienting is a function for exploration of the environment by telereceptors of eyes, ears, and nose and by receptors on the body surface; thus, it is multimodal in operation-olfaction, vision, acoustic, and somesthetic. The recognition that SN R is a part of a neural orienting system that comprise cortex, striatum, nigra, superior colliculus, and thalamus in several species. Understanding the neural mechanisms of the colliculus in visual orienting is enhanced by the demonstration that this laminated structure can be divided into superficial and deep layers, on the basis of both structure and function in the tree shrew.

[1]  B. Stein,et al.  Visual, auditory, and somatosensory convergence on cells in superior colliculus results in multisensory integration. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  W. C. Hall,et al.  The nigrotectal projection in the cat: An electron microscope autoradiographic study , 1987, Neuroscience.

[3]  S. Petersen,et al.  Contributions of the pulvinar to visual spatial attention , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[4]  M. Behan,et al.  An EM‐autoradiographic and EM‐HRP study of the commissural projection of the superior colliculus in the cat , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[5]  M. E. Anderson,et al.  Axonal branching patterns and location of nigrothalamic and nigrocollicular neurons in the cat. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. , 1974, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[7]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  The Role of the Superior Colliculus and Pretectum in Vision and Visually Guided Behavior , 1973 .

[8]  S. Sherman.  Visual Fields of Cats with Cortical and Tectal Lesions , 1974, Science.

[9]  J. T. Weber,et al.  Neuroanatomical studies of the nigrotectal projection in the cat , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[10]  J. Sprague,et al.  Anatomical organization of pretectal nuclei and tectal laminae in the cat , 1974, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[11]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. IV. Relation of substantia nigra to superior colliculus. , 1983, Journal of neurophysiology.

[12]  S G Lomber,et al.  Reversible visual hemineglect. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  M. Desban,et al.  Topographical organization of efferent projections from the cat substantia nigra pars reticulata , 1988, Brain Research.

[14]  Y. Sakashita.  Visual attentional disturbance with unilateral lesions in the basal ganglia and deep white matter , 1991, Annals of neurology.

[15]  J Zihl,et al.  The contribution of the 'second' visual system to directed visual attention in man. , 1979, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[16]  D. M. Feeney,et al.  Sensory neglect after lesions of substantia nigra or lateral hypothalamus: Differential severity and recovery of function , 1979, Brain Research.

[17]  M. Schlag-Rey,et al.  Unilateral visual neglect and thalamic intralaminar lesions in the cat. , 1973, Experimental neurology.

[18]  M. Jeannerod.  Neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects of spatial neglect. , 1987 .

[19]  M. Mesulam.  A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect , 1981, Annals of neurology.

[20]  M. Williams,et al.  The striatonigral projection and nigrotectal neurons in the rat. A correlated light and electron microscopic study demonstrating a monosynaptic striatal input to identified nigrotectal neurons using a combined degeneration and horseradish peroxidase procedure , 1985, Neuroscience.

[21]  J T McIlwain,et al.  Visual cortical inputs to deep layers of cat's superior colliculus. , 1983, Journal of neurophysiology.

[22]  B. S. Wood.  Monocular relearning of a dark-light discrimination by cats after unilateral cortical and collicular lesions , 1975, Brain Research.

[23]  B E Stein,et al.  Two visual corticotectal systems in cat. , 1984, Journal of neurophysiology.

[24]  M. Fischman,et al.  VISUAL INTENSITY DISCRIMINATION IN CATS AFTER SERIAL TECTAL AND CORTICAL LESIONS. , 1965, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[25]  G. Krauthamer,et al.  Superior collicular projection to intralaminar thalamus in rat , 1986, Brain Research.

[26]  H. Oka,et al.  Distribution and morphology of tegmental neurons receiving nigral inhibitory inputs in the cat: An intracellular HRP study , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[27]  B. Stein,et al.  Chapter 13 Corticotectal relationships: direct and “indirect” corticotectal pathways , 1993 .

[28]  Kirvel Rd,et al.  Multimodal sensory neglect in rats with radical unilateral posterior isocortical and superior collicular ablations. , 1974 .

[29]  A. Rosenquist,et al.  Afferent connections of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the cat , 1985, Brain Research.

[30]  J. K. Harting,et al.  The Mammalian Superior Colliculus: Studies of Its Morphology and Connections , 1984 .

[31]  R OTSUKA,et al.  [On the structure and segmentation of the cortical center of vision in the cat]. , 1962, Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, vereinigt mit Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie.

[32]  F. Sanides,et al.  Cyto- and myeloarchitecture of the visual cortex of the cat and of the surrounding integration cortices. , 1969, Journal fur Hirnforschung.

[33]  John F. Marshall,et al.  Comparison of the sensorimotor dysfunctions produced by damage to lateral hypothalamus or superior colliculus in the rat , 1978, Experimental Neurology.

[34]  Kenneth M. Heilman,et al.  Hemispace and Hemispatial Neglect , 1987 .

[35]  D. Sparks,et al.  The deep layers of the superior colliculus. , 1989, Reviews of oculomotor research.

[36]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Neglect as a neural representation deficit. , 1990, Revue neurologique.

[37]  R. Deuel.  Neural Dysfunction During Hemineglect After Cortical Damage in Two Monkey Models , 1987 .

[38]  R H Wurtz,et al.  The primate superior colliculus and the shift of visual attention. , 1972, Investigative ophthalmology.

[39]  W. C. Hall,et al.  Anterograde degeneration study of the superior colliculus in Tupaia glis: Evidence for a subdivision between superficial and deep layers , 1973, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[40]  B. V. Updyke,et al.  Organization of visual corticostriatal projections in the cat, with observations on visual projections to claustrum and amygdala , 1993, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[41]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  The effect of hemidecortication on the inhibitory interactions in the superior colliculus of the cat , 1979, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[42]  M. Posner,et al.  Neural systems control of spatial orienting. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[43]  M. Kinsbourne.  Mechanisms of Unilateral Neglect , 1987 .

[44]  M. Berkley,et al.  Striate cortex and visual acuity functions in the cat , 1979, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[45]  A. Rosenquist,et al.  Recovery from cortical blindness mediated by destruction of nontectotectal fibers in the commissure of the superior colliculus in the cat , 1989, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[46]  R. M. Beckstead.  Long collateral branches of substantia nigra pars reticulata axons to thalamus, superior colliculus and reticular formation in monkey and cat. Multiple retrograde neuronal labeling with fluorescent dyes , 1983, Neuroscience.

[47]  S. Sherman,et al.  The effect of superior colliculus lesions upon the visual fields of cats with cortical ablations , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[48]  R. Wurtz,et al.  Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades. , 1983, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  J. Graham.  An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the superior colliculus in the cat , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[50]  K. Niimi,et al.  Efferent projections of the head of the caudate nucleus in the cat. , 1970, Brain research.

[51]  C K Peck,et al.  Sensory integration in the deep layers of superior colliculus. , 1993, Progress in brain research.

[52]  J. Schneider,et al.  Basal ganglia and behavior : sensory aspects of motor functioning , 1987 .

[53]  P. Teitelbaum,et al.  Further analysis of sensory inattention following lateral hypothalamic damage in rats. , 1974, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[54]  A M Graybiel,et al.  The afferent and efferent connections of the feline nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta , 1983, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[55]  E. N. Sokolov,et al.  Neuronal mechanisms of the orienting reflex , 1975 .

[56]  Jordan Grafman,et al.  Handbook of Neuropsychology , 1991 .

[57]  R. Rhoades,et al.  Indirect visual cortical input to the deep layers of the hamster's superior colliculus via the basal ganglia , 1982, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[58]  Ann M. Graybiel,et al.  Organization of the nigrotectal connection: an experimental tracer study in the cat , 1978, Brain Research.

[59]  S G Lomber,et al.  Reversible inactivation of visual processing operations in middle suprasylvian cortex of the behaving cat. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  Melvyn A. Goodale,et al.  The effects of lesions of the superior colliculus on locomotor orientation and the orienting reflex in the rat , 1975, Brain Research.

[61]  J. Sprague,et al.  Interaction of Cortex and Superior Colliculus in Mediation of Visually Guided Behavior in the Cat , 1966, Science.

[62]  T H MEIKLE,et al.  THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN VISUALLY GUIDED BEHAVIOR. , 1965, Experimental neurology.

[63]  D. Hovda,et al.  Sparing of visual field perception in neonatal but not adult cerebral hemispherectomized cats. Relationship with oxidative metabolism of the superior colliculus , 1990, Behavioural Brain Research.

[64]  C R Olson,et al.  Visual and auditory association areas of the cat's posterior ectosylvian gyrus: Thalamic afferents , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[65]  B E Stein,et al.  Small lateral suprasylvian cortex lesions produce visual neglect and decreased visual activity in the superior colliculus , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[66]  S B Edwards,et al.  The commissural projection of the superior colliculus in the cat , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[67]  J. Deniau,et al.  Anatomical evidence for collateral branching of substantia nigra neurons: a combined horseradish peroxidase and [3H]wheat germ agglutinin axonal transport study in the rat , 1980, Brain Research.

[68]  J. Deniau,et al.  Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. I. The striato-nigral influence on tecto-spinal/tecto-diencephalic neurons , 1985, Brain Research.

[69]  Vivien A. Casagrande,et al.  Visual neglect in the tree shrew after interruption of the descending projections of the deep superior colliculus , 1976, Experimental Neurology.

[70]  Sprague Jm,et al.  Mammalian tectum: intrinsic organization, afferent inputs, and integrative mechanisms. Anatomical substrate. , 1975 .

[71]  H. Tokuno,et al.  Organization of the nigrotectospinal pathway in the cat: a light and electron microscopic study , 1987, Brain Research.

[72]  Visually directed behavior is influenced by the posterior ectosylvian gyrus in the cat , 1979, Brain Research.

[73]  J. Mcilwain,et al.  Interactions of cortical and retinal projections on single neurons of the cat's superior colliculus. , 1971, Journal of neurophysiology.

[74]  T. Ljungberg,et al.  Sensory inattention produced by 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of ascending dopamine neurons in the brain , 1976, Experimental Neurology.

[75]  H. H. Magalha˜es-Castro,et al.  Horseradish peroxidase labeling of cat tectotectal cells , 1978, Brain Research.

[76]  Giacomo Rizzolatti,et al.  Upper visual space neglect and motor deficits after section of the midbrain commissures in the cat , 1983, Behavioural Brain Research.

[77]  S B Edwards,et al.  A comparison of the intranigral distribution of nigrotectal neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey, cat, and rat , 1981, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[78]  R. M. Cooper,et al.  Unilateral posterior cortical and unilateral collicular lesions and visually guided behavior in the rat. , 1970, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[79]  A. Rosenquist,et al.  Ibotenic acid lesions of the lateral substantia nigra restore visual orientation behavior in the hemianopic cat , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[80]  Schneider Ge,et al.  Two visuomotor systems in the Syrian hamster. , 1975 .

[81]  B. Stein,et al.  The Merging of the Senses , 1993 .

[82]  J. Levy,et al.  Visual cortical areas mediating form discrimination in the cat , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[83]  M. Yahr,et al.  Corticothalamic projections and sensorimotor activities , 1972 .

[84]  J. Deniau,et al.  Spatio-temporal organization of a branched tecto-spinal/ tecto-diencephalic neuronal system , 1984, Neuroscience.

[85]  A K Moschovakis,et al.  Nigral inhibitory termination on efferent neurons of the superior colliculus: An intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the cat , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[86]  M. S. Loop,et al.  Visual discriminations of cats with cortical and tectal lesions , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[87]  G. J. Royce.  Laminar origin of cortical neurons which project upon the caudate nucleus: A horseradish peroxidase investigation in the cat , 1982, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[88]  E. Bisiach,et al.  Unilateral Neglect of Representational Space , 1978, Cortex.

[89]  H. Kuypers,et al.  The organization of the efferent projections of the substantia nigra in the rat. A retrograde fluorescent double labeling study , 1979, Brain Research.

[90]  W. Chambers,et al.  A NEUROANATOMICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF THE SYNDROMES RESULTING FROM MIDBRAIN LEMNISCAL AND RETICULAR LESIONS IN THE CAT. , 1963, Archives italiennes de biologie.

[91]  W. C. Hall,et al.  Superior Colliculus of the Tree Shrew: A Structural and Functional Subdivision into Superficial and Deep Layers , 1972, Science.