Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Critically Ill Patients

The diaphragm is the most important inspiratory muscle. It is dome-shaped, with the crural portion inserted on the anterior portions of lumbar vertebrae 1 through 3, and the costal portion inserted on the xiphoid process and the upper, inner margins of the lower six ribs. The majority of the muscular portion of the diaphragm lies directly beside the lower rib cage, referred to as the zone of apposition (ZOA) (Fig. 1a).

[1]  M. Tobin,et al.  Narrative Review: Ventilator-Induced Respiratory Muscle Weakness , 2010, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[2]  Y. Takanashi,et al.  Ultrasonography and Lung Mechanics Can Diagnose Diaphragmatic Paralysis Quickly , 2003, Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals.

[3]  M. Nishimura,et al.  Regional Blood Flow in Respiratory Muscles During Partial Ventilatory Assistance in Rabbits , 2006, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[4]  Aissam Lyazidi,et al.  Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation , 2012, Intensive Care Medicine.

[5]  O. Wade,et al.  Movements of the thoracic cage and diaphragm in respiration * , 1954, The Journal of physiology.

[6]  M. Sebbane,et al.  Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[7]  S. Powers,et al.  Both high level pressure support ventilation and controlled mechanical ventilation induce diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy , 2012, Critical care medicine.

[8]  F. Mccool,et al.  Monitoring recovery from diaphragm paralysis with ultrasound. , 2008, Chest.

[9]  M. Devita,et al.  Incidence and natural history of phrenic neuropathy occurring during open heart surgery. , 1993, Chest.

[10]  K. Murphy,et al.  Excursion-volume relation of the right hemidiaphragm measured by ultrasonography and respiratory airflow measurements. , 1994, Thorax.

[11]  M. Tobin,et al.  Ventilator-induced respiratory muscle weakness , 2010 .

[12]  S. Gottfried,et al.  Controlled mechanical ventilation leads to remodeling of the rat diaphragm. , 2002, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[13]  T. Vassilakopoulos,et al.  Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[14]  S. Westaby,et al.  Diaphragm paralysis following cardiac surgery: role of phrenic nerve cold injury. , 1991, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[15]  S. Powers,et al.  Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  A. Boussuges,et al.  Diaphragmatic motion studied by m-mode ultrasonography: methods, reproducibility, and normal values. , 2009, Chest.

[17]  S. Eveloff,et al.  Diaphragm thickening during inspiration. , 1997, Journal of applied physiology.

[18]  F. Maltais,et al.  Mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm disuse in humans triggers autophagy. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[19]  S. Balaji,et al.  Ultrasound in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis after operation for congenital heart disease. , 1990, British heart journal.

[20]  Jean-Yves Fagon,et al.  Ultrasonographic diagnostic criterion for severe diaphragmatic dysfunction after cardiac surgery. , 2009, Chest.

[21]  J. Shrager,et al.  Increased proteolysis, myosin depletion, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling in human diaphragm disuse. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[22]  R. Lerner,et al.  Sonographic measurement of diaphragmatic motion after coronary artery bypass surgery. , 1992, Chest.

[23]  C. Prefaut,et al.  Non-invasive quantification of diaphragm kinetics using m-mode sonography , 1997, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[24]  C. Alexander.  Diaphragm movements and the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis. , 1966, Clinical radiology.

[25]  G. Johansson,et al.  Diaphragmatic activity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[26]  Martin J Tobin,et al.  Disorders of the respiratory muscles. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[27]  M. Decramer,et al.  Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study , 2010 .

[28]  Sang-Bum Hong,et al.  Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: Influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation* , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[29]  F. Mccool,et al.  Dysfunction of the diaphragm. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  J. Sosner,et al.  Needle electromyography of the diaphragm: A new technique , 1993, Muscle & nerve.

[31]  Gary C Sieck,et al.  Altered diaphragm contractile properties with controlled mechanical ventilation. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[32]  C. Roussos,et al.  The tension-time index and the frequency/tidal volume ratio are the major pathophysiologic determinants of weaning failure and success. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[33]  W. Yost,et al.  Diaphragmatic thickness-lung volume relationship in vivo. , 1989, Journal of applied physiology.

[34]  R M Angus,et al.  Ultrasound assessment of normal hemidiaphragmatic movement: relation to inspiratory volume. , 1994, Thorax.

[35]  J. Prioux,et al.  Diaphragm Movement Before and After Cholecystectomy: A Sonographic Study , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[36]  C. Weissman,et al.  Diaphragmatic breathing maneuvers and movement of the diaphragm after cholecystectomy. , 1990, Chest.

[37]  R. S. Harris,et al.  Normal ventilatory movement of the right hemidiaphragm studied by ultrasonography and pneumotachography. , 1983, Radiology.

[38]  S. Powers,et al.  Mechanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[39]  M. Polkey,et al.  Chest radiography cannot predict diaphragm function. , 2005, Respiratory medicine.

[40]  F. Mccool,et al.  Ultrasound evaluation of the paralyzed diaphragm. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[41]  S. Na,et al.  An Evaluation of Diaphragmatic Movement by M-Mode Sonography as a Predictor of Pulmonary Dysfunction After Upper Abdominal Surgery , 2010, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[42]  D. Kim.  A potential selection bias in the study of early combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy in septic shock. , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[43]  J. Meakins,et al.  Diaphragmatic Function before and after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[44]  N. Pride,et al.  In vivo assessment of diaphragm contraction by ultrasound in normal subjects. , 1995, Thorax.

[45]  M. Polkey,et al.  Measurement of respiratory muscle strength. , 1995, Respiratory medicine.

[46]  M. Boechat,et al.  Real‐time sector ultrasound in the evaluation of suspected abnormalities of diaphragmatic motion , 1985, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[47]  G. Ford,et al.  Diaphragm function after upper abdominal surgery in humans. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.