Part 1 Effects of Microgravity: Biological Effects of Gravity Principles of Gravitational Biology Major Results from Biological Experiments in Space Microgravity Effects on Humans Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Function The Endocrine System and Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Blood Volume and Haemopoiesis The Immune System Neurosensory and Sensory Motor Function Metabolism Digestion and Absorption Muscle Structure and Metabolism The Skeletal System Microgravity - Mechanisms and Models. Part 2 Effects of Other Spaceflight Factors: Acceleration Sustained Linear Acceleration Impact Acceleration Angular Acceleration Artificial Gravity Space Radiation Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation Psychological Stress Psychological States and Group Interactions of Crew Members in Flight Psychological Prophylaxis and Treatments Combined Effects of Factors Analyzing the Combined Effects of Multiple Spaceflight Factors Results of Medical Investigations in Spaceflights Short-Term Flights Long-Term Flights Extravehicular Activities Pharmacokinetics in Space Mathematical Modelling of Physiological States.