European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) position paper: Multimodality imaging in pericardial disease.

Although pericardial diseases are common in the daily clinical practice and can result in a significant morbidity and mortality, imaging of patients with suspected or known pericardial disorders remain challenging. Multimodality imaging is part of the management of pericardial diseases. Echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance are often used as complementary imaging modalities. The choice of one or multiple imaging modalities is driven by the clinical context or conditions of the patient. The scope of the present document is to highlight the respective role of each technique according to the clinical context in the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases.

[1]  S. Achenbach,et al.  Cardiac computed tomography core syllabus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). , 2015, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[2]  M. LeWinter,et al.  Clinical practice. Acute pericarditis. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  M. Garbi,et al.  Update of the echocardiography core syllabus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). , 2013, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[4]  Y. Adler,et al.  Management of pericardial effusion. , 2013, European heart journal.

[5]  P. Sengupta,et al.  Cardiovascular imaging and diagnostic procedures in pregnancy. , 2012, Cardiology clinics.

[6]  David A Bluemke,et al.  T1 mapping of the myocardium: Intra-individual assessment of the effect of field strength, cardiac cycle and variation by myocardial region , 2012, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[7]  R. Siegel,et al.  Frequency of recurrence of pericardial tamponade in patients with extended versus nonextended pericardial catheter drainage. , 2011, The American journal of cardiology.

[8]  Matthew W. Martinez,et al.  Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pericardial Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Elevated Inflammatory Markers Can Predict the Reversibility of Constrictive Pericarditis After Antiinflammatory Medical Therapy: A Pilot Study , 2011, Circulation.

[9]  J. Soler‐Soler,et al.  Diagnosis and management of pericardial effusion. , 2011, World journal of cardiology.

[10]  D. Adam,et al.  Speckle Tracking Imaging in Acute Inflammatory Pericardial Diseases , 2011, Echocardiography.

[11]  Victor Mor-Avi,et al.  Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ASE/EAE consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. , 2011, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[12]  Xian-Xian Zhao,et al.  Early Diagnosis and Rescue Pericardiocentesis for Acute Cardiac Tamponade during Radiofrequency Ablation for Arrhythmias. Is Fluoroscopy Enough? , 2011, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[13]  L. Sinak,et al.  Pericardial disease: diagnosis and management. , 2010, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[14]  M. Desai,et al.  The Role of Multimodality Imaging in the Management of Pericardial Disease , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[15]  Yong-Jin Kim,et al.  Role of pericardium in the maintenance of left ventricular twist , 2010, Heart.

[16]  C. Roobottom,et al.  Imaging the pericardium: appearances on ECG-gated 64-detector row cardiac computed tomography. , 2010, The British journal of radiology.

[17]  Y. Adler,et al.  Controversial Issues in the Management of Pericardial Diseases , 2010, Circulation.

[18]  J. Bogaert,et al.  Cardiac and pericardial abnormalities on chest computed tomography: what can we see? , 2010, La radiologia medica.

[19]  P. Rajiah,et al.  Computed tomography of the pericardium and pericardial disease. , 2010, Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography.

[20]  S. Halliburton Recent technologic advances in multi-detector row cardiac CT. , 2009, Cardiology clinics.

[21]  M. Schwefer,et al.  Constrictive pericarditis, still a diagnostic challenge: comprehensive review of clinical management. , 2009, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[22]  D. Holmes,et al.  Iatrogenic pericardial effusion and tamponade in the percutaneous intracardiac intervention era. , 2009, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[23]  A. Tajik,et al.  Selective echocardiographic analysis of epicardial and endocardial left ventricular rotational mechanics in an animal model of pericardial adhesions. , 2009, European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology.

[24]  Matthias Gutberlet,et al.  Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis: A JACC White Paper , 2009 .

[25]  R. Aqel,et al.  Regional Pericarditis: A Review of the Pericardial Manifestations of Acute Myocardial Infarction , 2009, Clinical cardiology.

[26]  Y. Adler,et al.  Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how , 2009, Journal of cardiovascular medicine.

[27]  M. Hibberd,et al.  Acute mortality in hospitalized patients undergoing echocardiography with and without an ultrasound contrast agent (multicenter registry results in 4,300,966 consecutive patients). , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.

[28]  P. Sengupta,et al.  Reclassifying heart failure: predominantly subendocardial, subepicardial, and transmural. , 2008, Heart failure clinics.

[29]  Krishnaswamy Chandrasekaran,et al.  Twist mechanics of the left ventricle: principles and application. , 2008, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[30]  H. Miyoshi,et al.  Contribution of the pericardium to left ventricular torsion and regional myocardial function in patients with total absence of the left pericardium. , 2008, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[31]  Udo Hoffmann,et al.  Pericardial Fat, Visceral Abdominal Fat, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, and Vascular Calcification in a Community-Based Sample: The Framingham Heart Study , 2008, Circulation.

[32]  J. Seward,et al.  Disparate patterns of left ventricular mechanics differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. , 2008, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[33]  B. Mayosi Contemporary trends in the epidemiology and management of cardiomyopathy and pericarditis in sub-Saharan Africa , 2007, Heart.

[34]  L. Cooper,et al.  Noninvasive imaging in myocarditis. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[35]  K. Klingel,et al.  Presentation, Patterns of Myocardial Damage, and Clinical Course of Viral Myocarditis , 2006, Circulation.

[36]  A. Støylen,et al.  Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[37]  Marco Francone,et al.  Assessment of ventricular coupling with real-time cine MRI and its value to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy , 2006, European Radiology.

[38]  S. Dymarkowski,et al.  Detection of pericardial inflammation with late-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: initial results , 2006, European Radiology.

[39]  Jonas Crosby,et al.  New Noninvasive Method for Assessment of Left Ventricular Rotation: Speckle Tracking Echocardiography , 2005, Circulation.

[40]  Richard D. White,et al.  P Cardiac Imaging easurement of Ventricular Torsion by Two-imensional Ultrasound Speckle Tracking Imaging , 2005 .

[41]  R. Rifkin,et al.  Noninvasive evaluation of pericardial effusion composition by computed tomography. , 2005, American heart journal.

[42]  Y. Gürlertop,et al.  Subxiphoid pericardiostomy in the management of pericardial effusions: case series analysis of 368 patients , 2005, Heart.

[43]  Marco Francone,et al.  Real‐time cine MRI of ventricular septal motion: A novel approach to assess ventricular coupling , 2005, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[44]  G. Hufnagel,et al.  Treatment of Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy and (Peri)Myocarditis with Immunosuppression and i.v. Immunoglobulins , 2004, Herz.

[45]  F. Larrazet,et al.  Evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade. , 2004, Chest.

[46]  Raimund Erbel,et al.  Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European society of cardiology. , 2004, European heart journal.

[47]  E. W. Hancock,et al.  A clearer view of effusive-constrictive pericarditis. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  A. Tajik,et al.  Transient constrictive pericarditis: causes and natural history. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[49]  D. Rosing Effusive-constrictive pericarditis. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  A. Tajik,et al.  Constrictive Pericarditis in 26 Patients With Histologically Normal Pericardial Thickness , 2003, Circulation.

[51]  Benjamin M Yeh,et al.  CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease. , 2003, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[52]  G. Patterson,et al.  Comparison of open subxiphoid pericardial drainage with percutaneous catheter drainage for symptomatic pericardial effusion. , 2003, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[53]  M. Kulkarni,et al.  Pericardiocentesis with extended catheter drainage: an effective therapy. , 2003, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[54]  A. Ristic,et al.  Practical aspects of the management of pericardial disease , 2003, Heart.

[55]  B. Giorgi,et al.  Clinically suspected constrictive pericarditis: MR imaging assessment of ventricular septal motion and configuration in patients and healthy subjects. , 2003, Radiology.

[56]  A. Gangi,et al.  Imaging of cystic masses of the mediastinum. , 2002, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[57]  A. Ristic,et al.  Neoplastic pericardial effusion. Efficacy and safety of intrapericardial treatment with cisplatin. , 2002, European heart journal.

[58]  Natesa G Pandian,et al.  Postoperative cardiac tamponade in the modern surgical era. , 2002, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[59]  M. Enriquez-Sarano,et al.  Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years. , 2002, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[60]  H. Torp,et al.  Myocardial Strain by Doppler Echocardiography: Validation of a New Method to Quantify Regional Myocardial Function , 2000, Circulation.

[61]  P. Nihoyannopoulos,et al.  Differentiation between restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis by early diastolic doppler myocardial velocity gradient at the posterior wall. , 2000, Circulation.

[62]  D. Spodick Intrapericardial therapeutics and diagnostics. , 2000, The American journal of cardiology.

[63]  J. Seward,et al.  Calcific Constrictive Pericarditis: Is It Still with Us? , 2000, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[64]  J. Soler‐Soler,et al.  Long-term follow-up of idiopathic chronic pericardial effusion. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[65]  R. Siegel,et al.  Bloody pericardial effusion in patients with cardiac tamponade: is the cause cancerous, tuberculous, or iatrogenic in the 1990s? , 1999, Chest.

[66]  J. Seward,et al.  Constrictive pericarditis in the modern era: evolving clinical spectrum and impact on outcome after pericardiectomy. , 1999, Circulation.

[67]  S. Kojima,et al.  Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis by tagged cine magnetic resonance imaging. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[68]  J. Seward,et al.  Diagnosis and management of cardiac tamponade in the era of echocardiography , 1999, Clinical cardiology.

[69]  J. Seward,et al.  Rescue echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis for cardiac perforation complicating catheter-based procedures. The Mayo Clinic experience. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[70]  A. Dixon,et al.  CT dimensions of the normal pericardium. , 1998, The British journal of radiology.

[71]  J. Soler‐Soler,et al.  Should pericardial drainage be performed routinely in patients who have a large pericardial effusion without tamponade? , 1998, The American journal of medicine.

[72]  U. Hoffmann,et al.  Cardiac and paracardiac masses. Current opinion on diagnostic evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging. , 1998, European heart journal.

[73]  M. Pepi [Ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis]. , 1995, Cardiologia.

[74]  P. Barbier,et al.  Pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery: incidence, site, size, and haemodynamic consequences. , 1994, British heart journal.

[75]  J. Seward,et al.  Diagnostic role of Doppler echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[76]  P. Barbier,et al.  Percutaneous pericardiocentesis versus subxiphoid pericardiotomy in cardiac tamponade due to postoperative pericardial effusion. , 1993, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[77]  S. Nakatani,et al.  Pericardial clot after open heart surgery: its specific localization and haemodynamics. , 1993, European heart journal.

[78]  E. Erdmann,et al.  CT and MR Evaluation of Pericardial Constriction: A New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Concept , 1993, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[79]  B. Lorell,et al.  Implications of echocardiographically assisted diagnosis of pericardial tamponade in contemporary medical patients: detection before hemodynamic embarrassment. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[80]  B. Hoit Imaging the pericardium. , 1990, Cardiology clinics.

[81]  N. Budorick,et al.  Benign mediastinal cysts: pointed appearance on CT. , 1989, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[82]  C. Higgins,et al.  MRI of the normal pericardium. , 1986, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[83]  J. Seward,et al.  Cardiac tamponade: pericardiocentesis directed by two-dimensional echocardiography. , 1985, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[84]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the pericardium: normal and pathologic findings. , 1984, Radiology.

[85]  S. Rahimtoola,et al.  Application of 2-dimensional contrast studies during pericardiocentesis. , 1983, The American journal of cardiology.

[86]  P. Guéret,et al.  [Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography during the drainage of hemopericardium with tamponade]. , 1983, Presse medicale.

[87]  J B Seward,et al.  Pericardiocentesis assisted by two-dimensional echocardiography. , 1983, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[88]  M. Dunn,et al.  The risk of pericardiocentesis. , 1979, The American journal of cardiology.