Risk factors and outcome of community‐acquired pneumonia due to Gram‐negative bacilli

Background and objective:  Several sets of guidelines have advocated initial antibiotic treatment for community‐acquired pneumonia due to Gram‐negative bacilli in patients with specific risk factors. However, evidence to support this recommendation is scarce. We sought to identify risk factors for community‐acquired pneumonia due to Gram‐negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to assess outcomes.

[1]  古谷 良輔,et al.  Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[2]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[3]  S. Andreassen,et al.  Benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment: thirty-day mortality and duration of hospital stay. , 2006, The American journal of medicine.

[4]  A. Anzueto,et al.  Antibiotic therapy and 48-hour mortality for patients with pneumonia. , 2006, The American journal of medicine.

[5]  P. Souverein,et al.  Prior outpatient antibacterial therapy as prognostic factor for mortality in hospitalized pneumonia patients. , 2006, Respiratory medicine.

[6]  Djillali Annane,et al.  Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[7]  W. Lim,et al.  Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study , 2003, Thorax.

[8]  Daniel J Sexton,et al.  Health CareAssociated Bloodstream Infections in Adults: A Reason To Change the Accepted Definition of Community-Acquired Infections , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[9]  M. Niederman,et al.  Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. , 2002, Archives of internal medicine.

[10]  K. Rolston.  The spectrum of pulmonary infections in cancer patients , 2001, Current opinion in oncology.

[11]  A. El‐Solh,et al.  Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[12]  T. Marrie,et al.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia in previously healthy adults: case report and review of the literature. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[13]  B. Afessa,et al.  Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study. , 2000, Chest.

[14]  I. Bolíbar,et al.  Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based study. , 2000, The European respiratory journal.

[15]  A. Torres,et al.  Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[16]  Sheldon P Stone,et al.  Community-acquired pneumonia , 1998, The Lancet.

[17]  M. Niederman,et al.  Clinical Investigations: Inflammation/InfectionInfective Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: Relation between Bacteriologic Etiology and Lung Function , 1998 .

[18]  F. Alcaide,et al.  Bacteremic pneumonia in neutropenic patients with cancer: causes, empirical antibiotic therapy, and outcome. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[19]  D. Thévenin,et al.  Community-acquired aspiration pneumonia in intensive care units. Epidemiological and prognosis data. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[20]  J. Fernandez-Solà,et al.  High alcohol intake as a risk and prognostic factor for community-acquired pneumonia. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.

[21]  W. Kapoor,et al.  New and Emerging Etiologies for Community‐Acquired Pneumonia with Implications for Therapy: A Prospective Multicenter Study of 359 Cases , 1990, Medicine.

[22]  A. Lerner.  The gram-negative bacillary pneumonias. , 1980, Disease-a-month : DM.

[23]  A. Lerner,et al.  Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia. , 1971, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[24]  M. Fine,et al.  Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[25]  A. Torres,et al.  Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.