An Introduction to Light Interaction with Human Skin

Despite the notable progress in physically-based rendering, there is still a long way to go before one can automatically generate predictable images of organic materials such as human skin. In this tutorial, the main physical and biological aspects involved in the processes of propagation and absorption of light by skin tissues are examined. These processes affect not only skin appearance, but also its health. For this reason, they have also been the object of study in biomedical research. The models of light interaction with human skin developed by the biomedical community are mainly aimed at the simulation of skin spectral properties which are used to determine the concentration and distribution of various substances. In computer graphics, the focus has been on the simulation of light scattering properties that affect skin appearance. Computer models used to simulate these spectral and scattering properties are described in this tutorial, and their strengths and limitations discussed. Keywords: natural phenomena, biologically and physically-based rendering.

[1]  R. Anderson,et al.  ANALYTICAL MODELING FOR THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN WITH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO APPLICATIONS , 1981, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[2]  R. Anderson,et al.  The optics of human skin. , 1981, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[3]  Ashley J. Welch,et al.  Development and application of three-dimensional light distribution model for laser irradiated tissue , 1987 .

[4]  J. C. van der Leun,et al.  FORWARD SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF HUMAN EPIDERMAL LAYERS , 1984, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[5]  S. Jacques,et al.  Hybrid model of Monte Carlo simulation and diffusion theory for light reflectance by turbid media. , 1993, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[6]  Simon Premoze,et al.  Analytic light transport approximations for volumetric materials , 2002, 10th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2002. Proceedings..

[7]  Ling Li,et al.  A multi-layered reflection model of natural human skin , 2001, Proceedings. Computer Graphics International 2001.

[8]  K. Torrance,et al.  Theory for off-specular reflection from roughened surfaces , 1967 .

[9]  P. Hanrahan,et al.  Light Scattering from Human Hair Fibers , 2003 .

[10]  G. Eason,et al.  The theory of the back-scattering of light by blood , 1978 .

[11]  Henrik Wann Jensen,et al.  A rapid hierarchical rendering technique for translucent materials , 2005, SIGGRAPH Courses.

[12]  Shree K. Nayar,et al.  Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces , 1997, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[13]  B. Wilson,et al.  Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in highly scattering tissues. I. Model predictions and comparison with diffusion theory , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[14]  Robert L. Cook,et al.  A Reflectance Model for Computer Graphics , 1987, TOGS.

[15]  Tom Nadas,et al.  Rendering Techniques , 1988, Advances in Computer Graphics.

[16]  G Kelfkens,et al.  Skin temperature changes after irradiation with UVB or UVC: implications for the mechanism underlying ultraviolet erythema. , 1989, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  Knut Stamnes,et al.  A new multi-layer discrete ordinate approach to radiative transfer in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres , 1984 .

[18]  B. Wilson,et al.  A Monte Carlo model for the absorption and flux distributions of light in tissue. , 1983, Medical physics.

[19]  B L Diffey A mathematical model for ultraviolet optics in skin. , 1983, Physics in medicine and biology.

[20]  N. Metropolis,et al.  The Monte Carlo method. , 1949 .

[21]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering , 1993, SIGGRAPH.

[22]  Steve Marschner,et al.  A practical model for subsurface light transport , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[23]  A. Welch,et al.  Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method. , 1993, Applied optics.

[24]  Irfan A. Essa,et al.  Real-time Photo-Realistic Physically Based Rendering of Fine Scale Human Skin Structure , 2001, Rendering Techniques.

[25]  Elli Angelopoulou,et al.  Understanding the color of human skin , 2001, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[26]  M. Kohl,et al.  Near-infrared optical properties of ex vivo human skin and subcutaneous tissues measured using the Monte Carlo inversion technique. , 1998, Physics in medicine and biology.

[27]  Gregory J. Ward,et al.  Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection , 1992, SIGGRAPH.

[28]  M A Everett,et al.  Ultraviolet erythema. , 1965, Archives of dermatology.

[29]  F. Baret,et al.  Leaf optical properties with explicit description of its biochemical composition: Direct and inverse problems , 1996 .

[30]  H.J.C.M. Sterenborg,et al.  Skin optics , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[31]  S. Ustin,et al.  LEAF OPTICAL PROPERTIES: A STATE OF THE ART , 2000 .

[32]  A. P. Shepherd,et al.  Diffusion model of the optical absorbance of whole blood. , 1988, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[33]  Donald P. Greenberg Coons Award Lecture , 1988, CACM.

[34]  D. Y. Churmakov,et al.  Analysis of skin tissues spatial fluorescence distribution by the Monte Carlo simulation , 2003 .

[35]  V. Tuchin Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis , 2000 .

[36]  T. Trowbridge,et al.  Average irregularity representation of a rough surface for ray reflection , 1975 .

[37]  F. E. Nicodemus,et al.  Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance , 1977 .

[38]  K. Furutsu Diffusion equation derived from space-time transport equation , 1980 .

[39]  I. V. Meglinsky,et al.  Modelling the sampling volume for skin blood oxygenation measurements , 2006, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[40]  Motonori Doi,et al.  Spectral estimation of human skin color using the Kubelka-Munk theory , 2003, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[41]  H. V. Hulst Light Scattering by Small Particles , 1957 .

[42]  J. Koenderink,et al.  Diffuse and specular reflectance from rough surfaces. , 1998, Applied optics.

[43]  J. Miller Numerical Analysis , 1966, Nature.

[44]  Symon Cotton,et al.  A noninvasive skin imaging system , 1997 .

[45]  Ela Claridge,et al.  Developing a predictive model of human skin coloring , 1996, Medical Imaging.

[46]  Norimichi Tsumura,et al.  Mapping Pigmentation in Human Skin by Multi-Visible-Spectral Imaging by Inverse Optical Scattering Technique , 2000, Color Imaging Conference.

[47]  M. Nischik,et al.  Analysis of skin erythema using true-color images , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[48]  O. Heinisch,et al.  Winchester, A. M.: Heredity and your life. Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1960. 333 Seiten. Preis $ 1,45 , 1964 .

[49]  Audrey Tarrant,et al.  Color in Business, Science and Industry , 1976 .

[50]  A J Welch,et al.  Accuracies of the diffusion approximation and its similarity relations for laser irradiated biological media. , 1989, Applied optics.

[51]  Andrew S. Glassner,et al.  Principles of Digital Image Synthesis , 1995 .

[52]  Alain Fournier,et al.  From Local to Global Illumination and Back , 1995, Rendering Techniques.

[53]  P. Kubelka Ein Beitrag zur Optik der Farban striche , 1931 .

[54]  S. A. Prahl,et al.  A Monte Carlo model of light propagation in tissue , 1989, Other Conferences.

[55]  B. Wilson,et al.  A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo. , 1992, Medical physics.

[56]  L. C. Henyey,et al.  Diffuse radiation in the Galaxy , 1940 .

[57]  Steve Marschner,et al.  Image-Based BRDF Measurement Including Human Skin , 1999, Rendering Techniques.

[58]  Stephen H. Westin,et al.  Reflectance Measurements of Human Skin , 1999 .

[59]  Norimichi Tsumura,et al.  Image-based skin color and texture analysis/synthesis by extracting hemoglobin and melanin information in the skin , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[60]  Ross Flewelling,et al.  Noninvasive Optical Monitoring , 1999 .

[61]  J. Uspensky Introduction to mathematical probability , 1938 .

[62]  Semra Aydinli,et al.  Measurement of luminous characteristics of daylighting materials , 1999 .

[63]  Jos Stam,et al.  An Illumination Model for a Skin Layer Bounded by Rough Surfaces , 2001, Rendering Techniques.

[64]  M. A. Everett,et al.  PENETRATION OF EPIDERMIS BY ULTRAVIOLET RAYS , 1966, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[65]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  A computational skin model: fold and wrinkle formation , 2002, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[66]  Gladimir V. G. Baranoski,et al.  A Biophysically‐Based Spectral Model of Light Interaction with Human Skin , 2004, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[67]  Chengzhi Jiang,et al.  Optical properties of skin , 2002, SPIE/COS Photonics Asia.

[68]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  Tissue optics, light distribution, and spectroscopy , 1994 .

[69]  J. Parrish,et al.  The detection of carotenoid pigments in human skin. , 1975, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[70]  D. Sardar,et al.  Optical Properties of Whole Blood , 1998, Lasers in Medical Science.

[71]  Ulrike Heinrich,et al.  Dietary carotenoids contribute to normal human skin color and UV photosensitivity. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[72]  Joel L. Swerdlow La piel al desnudo , 2002 .

[73]  S. Prahl Light transport in tissue , 1988 .

[74]  Angela A. Eick,et al.  Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics. , 1998, Applied optics.

[75]  A. Welch,et al.  A review of the optical properties of biological tissues , 1990 .

[76]  Jon G. Rokne,et al.  An Algorithmic Reflectance and Transmittance Model for Plant Tissue , 1997, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[77]  M Itoh,et al.  Melanin and blood concentration in a human skin model studied by multiple regression analysis: assessment by Monte Carlo simulation , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[78]  S. J. Matcher,et al.  Computer simulation of the skin reflectance spectra , 2003, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed..

[79]  G. Zonios,et al.  Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. , 2001, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[80]  K. Wakamatsu,et al.  Pheomelanin as well as eumelanin is present in human epidermis. , 1991, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[81]  James Arvo,et al.  A framework for realistic image synthesis , 1997, SIGGRAPH.

[82]  Akira Ishimaru,et al.  Wave propagation and scattering in random media , 1997 .

[83]  M. Hartmann,et al.  Light scattering by small particles. Von H. C. VANDE HULST. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1981. Paperback, 470 S., 103 Abb. und 46 Tab., US $ 7.50 , 1984 .

[84]  R. Doornbos,et al.  The determination of in vivo human tissue optical properties and absolute chromophore concentrations using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. , 1999, Physics in medicine and biology.

[85]  K. Wakamatsu,et al.  Eumelanin and phaeomelanin contents of depigmented and repigmented skin in vitiligo patients , 2003, The British journal of dermatology.

[86]  S. Jacques,et al.  Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis , 1988 .

[87]  M. J Post Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media: Ishimaru, Akira, Volume 1. Academic Press, New York, 1978, $22.50. , 1979 .

[88]  Seiji Inokuchi,et al.  Simulation and analysis of spectral distributions of human skin , 1998, Proceedings. Fourteenth International Conference on Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98EX170).

[89]  Jon G. Rokne,et al.  Virtual spectrophotometric measurements for biologically and physically based rendering , 2000, Proceedings the Eighth Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications.

[90]  Michael Pointer,et al.  Measurement of appearance , 2002, Other Conferences.

[91]  Knut Stamnes,et al.  Radiative transfer in nonuniformly refracting layered media: atmosphere-ocean system. , 1994, Applied optics.

[92]  Valery V. Tuchin,et al.  Angular scattering properties of human epidermal layers , 1994, Other Conferences.

[93]  Van de Hulst,et al.  Multiple Light Scattering: Tables, Formulas, and Applications , 1980 .

[94]  Michael Gervautz,et al.  An Image based Measurement System for Anisotropic Reflection , 1996, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[95]  Ron Gershon,et al.  Measurement and Analysis of Object Reflectance Spectra , 1994 .

[96]  G. Rybicki Radiative transfer , 2019, Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling.

[97]  J. Douglas Faires,et al.  Numerical Analysis , 1981 .