Metabolomic analyses of banana during postharvest senescence by 1H-high resolution-NMR.

Banana is a tropical fruit widely accepted by people over the world. Its chemical composition is critical for its organoleptic properties and nutritional value. In this work, the metabolite changes during postharvest senescence were investigated using NMR spectroscopy. The 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic information revealed the primary and secondary metabolites in banana fruit, including organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates and phenolics. Bananas at five senescence stages showed similar chemical profiles, but the levels of the individual compounds varied to a large extent. The principal metabolites responsible for postharvest senescence of banana were valine, alanine, aspartic acid, choline, acetate, glucose, malic acid, gallic acid and dopamine. At stage V, ethanol was present due to the conversion of glucose. Salsolinol was generated due to the conversion of dopamine. This was a characteristic marker for the postharvest senescence of banana fruit.

[1]  Mouming Zhao,et al.  Identification of flavonoids in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) leaf and evaluation of anticancer activities , 2014 .

[2]  X. Duan,et al.  The combined effects of phenylurea and gibberellins on quality maintenance and shelf life extension of banana fruit during storage , 2014 .

[3]  Digvir S. Jayas,et al.  Post-harvest Processing of Banana: Opportunities and Challenges , 2011 .

[4]  Robert Verpoorte,et al.  Metabolic Discrimination of Catharanthus roseus Leaves Infected by Phytoplasma Using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis1 , 2004, Plant Physiology.

[5]  R. Spang,et al.  State-of-the art data normalization methods improve NMR-based metabolomic analysis , 2011, Metabolomics.

[6]  Xianzhong Wu,et al.  Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[7]  A. Alkarkhi,et al.  Comparing physicochemical properties of banana pulp and peel flours prepared from green and ripe fruits. , 2011, Food chemistry.

[8]  Bruce R. Hamaker,et al.  Banana starch: production, physicochemical properties, and digestibility—a review , 2005 .

[9]  Hongshun Yang,et al.  Phytochemical analyses of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa seed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2013, The Analyst.

[10]  Anna McLoughlin Torgerson.  Fair trade banana production in the Windward Islands: local survival and global resistance , 2010 .

[11]  D. Mohapatra,et al.  Banana and its by-product utilisation: an overview , 2010 .

[12]  Michel Paquot,et al.  Effects of the stage of maturation and varieties on the chemical composition of banana and plantain peels , 2007 .

[13]  D. Lewis,et al.  A natural flavonoid present in unripe plantain banana pulp (Musa sapientum L. var. paradisiaca) protects the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. , 1999, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[14]  M. Glória,et al.  Bioactive amines and carbohydrate changes during ripening of `Prata' banana (Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana) , 2005 .

[15]  G. Blomme,et al.  Provitamin A carotenoid content of unripe and ripe banana cultivars for potential adoption in eastern Africa , 2015 .

[16]  Kazuyoshi Okubo,et al.  Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish) , 2002 .

[17]  Guoyao Wu,et al.  Metabolomic analysis of the response of growing pigs to dietary l-arginine supplementation , 2009, Amino Acids.

[18]  Y. Israel,et al.  Salsolinol and isosalsolinol: condensation products of acetaldehyde and dopamine. Separation of their enantiomers in the presence of a large excess of dopamine. , 2012, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[19]  Mouming Zhao,et al.  Structural identification of (1→6)-α-d-glucan, a key responsible for the health benefits of longan, and evaluation of anticancer activity. , 2013, Biomacromolecules.

[20]  Catherine Bonazzi,et al.  Changes in aromatic components of banana during ripening and air-drying , 2003 .

[21]  R. Goel,et al.  Evaluation of wound healing activity of extracts of plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) in rats. , 2009, Indian journal of experimental biology.

[22]  M. McCarthy,et al.  Identification of salsolinol as a major dopamine metabolite in the banana. , 1976, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[23]  H. Qu,et al.  Structure identification of a polysaccharide purified from Lycium barbarium fruit. , 2016, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[24]  R. Tharanathan,et al.  Fruit Ripening Phenomena–An Overview , 2007, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[25]  Elhadi M. Yahia,et al.  Maintaining mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit quality during the export chain , 2011 .

[26]  Taro Matsumoto,et al.  (24S)-14α,24-dimethyl-9β,19-cyclo-5α-cholest-25-en-3β-ol: A new sterol and other sterols inMusa sapientum , 1986, Lipids.

[27]  K. Kanazawa,et al.  High content of dopamine, a strong antioxidant, in Cavendish banana. , 2000, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.