The interactome: predicting the protein-protein interactions in cells.

The term Interactome describes the set of all molecular interactions in cells, especially in the context of protein-protein interactions. These interactions are crucial for most cellular processes, so the full representation of the interaction repertoire is needed to understand the cell molecular machinery at the system biology level. In this short review, we compare various methods for predicting protein-protein interactions using sequence and structure information. The ultimate goal of those approaches is to present the complete methodology for the automatic selection of interaction partners using their amino acid sequences and/or three dimensional structures, if known. Apart from a description of each method, details of the software or web interface needed for high throughput prediction on the whole genome scale are also provided. The proposed validation of the theoretical methods using experimental data would be a better assessment of their accuracy.

[1]  Yishan Jiao,et al.  Faster and more accurate global protein function assignment from protein interaction networks using the MFGO algorithm , 2006, FEBS letters.

[2]  Jakub Pas,et al.  Molecular phylogenetics of the RrmJ/fibrillarin superfamily of ribose 2'-O-methyltransferases. , 2003, Gene.

[3]  Leszek Rychlewski,et al.  mRNA Cap-1 Methyltransferase in the SARS Genome , 2003, Cell.

[4]  B. Rost,et al.  Analysing six types of protein-protein interfaces. , 2003, Journal of molecular biology.

[5]  Ming You,et al.  Wildtype Kras2 can inhibit lung carcinogenesis in mice , 2001, Nature Genetics.

[6]  M. Sternberg,et al.  Automated structure-based prediction of functional sites in proteins: applications to assessing the validity of inheriting protein function from homology in genome annotation and to protein docking. , 2001, Journal of molecular biology.

[7]  J. Ostrowski,et al.  The binding activity of yeast RNAs to yeast Hek2p and mammalian hnRNP K proteins, determined using the three-hybrid system. , 2005, Cellular & molecular biology letters.

[8]  William Stafford Noble,et al.  Kernel methods for predicting protein-protein interactions , 2005, ISMB.

[9]  Roded Sharan,et al.  Identification of protein complexes by comparative analysis of yeast and bacterial protein interaction data , 2004, J. Comput. Biol..

[10]  A A Bayev,et al.  Acceptor activity of hypermethylated E. coli tRNAf-Met. , 1974, Nucleic acids research.

[11]  Tobias M. Fischer,et al.  Monitoring regulated protein-protein interactions using split TEV , 2006, Nature Methods.

[12]  L. Rychlewski,et al.  How Unique Is the Rice Transcriptome? , 2004, Science.

[13]  A. Thomas,et al.  A fast method to predict protein interaction sites from sequences. , 2000, Journal of molecular biology.

[14]  Xiaomei Wu,et al.  Prediction of yeast protein–protein interaction network: insights from the Gene Ontology and annotations , 2006, Nucleic acids research.

[15]  Ian M. Donaldson,et al.  The Biomolecular Interaction Network Database and related tools 2005 update , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[16]  E. Sprinzak,et al.  Correlated sequence-signatures as markers of protein-protein interaction. , 2001, Journal of molecular biology.

[17]  P. Bork,et al.  Structure-Based Assembly of Protein Complexes in Yeast , 2004, Science.

[18]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Modelling of potentially promising SARS protease inhibitors , 2007, Journal of Physics.

[19]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  New type of bonding formed from an overlap between pi aromatic and pi C=O molecular orbitals stabilizes the coexistence in one molecule of the ionic and neutral meso-ionic forms of imidazopyridine. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[20]  Adam J. Smith,et al.  The Database of Interacting Proteins: 2004 update , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[21]  William Stafford Noble,et al.  Learning to predict protein-protein interactions from protein sequences , 2003, Bioinform..

[22]  Sarah A. Teichmann,et al.  Principles of protein-protein interactions , 2002, ECCB.

[23]  M. Vidal,et al.  Interactome: gateway into systems biology. , 2005, Human molecular genetics.

[24]  Relationship between structure and photoinitiating abilities of selected bromide salts of 2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (IMP): influence of the solvent and the substitution in benzaldehyde on the course of its reaction with IMP. , 2006, Acta crystallographica. Section B, Structural science.

[25]  R. Karp,et al.  Conserved pathways within bacteria and yeast as revealed by global protein network alignment , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  Comparison of proteins based on segments structural similarity. , 2004, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[27]  A. Kolinski,et al.  Uncharacterized DUF1574 leptospira proteins are SGNH hydrolases , 2008, Cell cycle.

[28]  L. Rychlewski,et al.  Herpes glycoprotein gL is distantly related to chemokine receptor ligands. , 2007, Antiviral research.

[29]  J. Janin,et al.  A dissection of specific and non-specific protein-protein interfaces. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[30]  H. Juan,et al.  A proteomics study of the mung bean epicotyl regulated by brassinosteroids under conditions of chilling stress , 2006, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[31]  D. Eisenberg,et al.  Detecting protein function and protein-protein interactions from genome sequences. , 1999, Science.

[32]  Aleksey A. Porollo,et al.  Prediction‐based fingerprints of protein–protein interactions , 2006, Proteins.

[33]  Vasant Honavar,et al.  A two-stage classifier for identification of protein-protein interface residues , 2004, ISMB/ECCB.

[34]  D. Barrell,et al.  The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) project: implementation of GO in SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL, and InterPro. , 2003, Genome research.

[35]  R. Nussinov,et al.  Conservation of polar residues as hot spots at protein interfaces , 2000, Proteins.

[36]  angesichts der Corona-Pandemie,et al.  UPDATE , 1973, The Lancet.

[37]  S. Jones,et al.  Analysis of protein-protein interaction sites using surface patches. , 1997, Journal of molecular biology.

[38]  James R. Knight,et al.  A comprehensive analysis of protein–protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 2000, Nature.

[39]  D. Rodbard,et al.  [1] Statistical analysis of radioligand assay data , 1975 .

[40]  Tom L Blundell,et al.  An algorithm for predicting protein–protein interaction sites: Abnormally exposed amino acid residues and secondary structure elements , 2006, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[41]  Luis Serrano,et al.  Prediction of protein-protein interaction based on structure. , 2006, Methods in molecular biology.

[42]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Mechanism of activation of an immunosuppressive drug: azathioprine. Quantum chemical study on the reaction of azathioprine with cysteine. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  R. Wood,et al.  Reversible protein phosphorylation modulates nucleotide excision repair of damaged DNA by human cell extracts. , 1996, Nucleic acids research.

[44]  S. Mundlos,et al.  Plant nitric oxide synthase: a never-ending story? , 2006, Trends in plant science.

[45]  J. Thornton,et al.  Diversity of protein–protein interactions , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[46]  R. Abagyan,et al.  Large‐scale prediction of protein geometry and stability changes for arbitrary single point mutations , 2004, Proteins.

[47]  Shmuel Sattath,et al.  How reliable are experimental protein-protein interaction data? , 2003, Journal of molecular biology.

[48]  Susumu Goto,et al.  The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[49]  William Stafford Noble,et al.  Choosing negative examples for the prediction of protein-protein interactions , 2006, BMC Bioinformatics.

[50]  Marcin von Grotthuss,et al.  Three dimensional model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase ATPase catalytic domain and molecular design of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase inhibitors , 2006, J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des..

[51]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  ProteinSplit: splitting of multi-domain proteins using prediction of ordered and disordered regions in protein sequences for virtual structural genomics , 2007 .

[52]  Gabriele Ausiello,et al.  MINT: the Molecular INTeraction database , 2006, Nucleic Acids Res..

[53]  Tao Cai,et al.  Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary , 2005, Bioinform..

[54]  T. Takagi,et al.  Prediction of protein-protein interaction sites using support vector machines. , 2004, Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS.

[55]  H. Hesse,et al.  On the way to understand biological complexity in plants: S-nutrition as a case study for systems biology , 2006, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[56]  Sándor Pongor,et al.  The SBASE domain sequence library, release 10: domain architecture prediction , 2003, Nucleic Acids Res..

[57]  T. N. Bhat,et al.  The Protein Data Bank , 2000, Nucleic Acids Res..

[58]  P. Bourne,et al.  Exploiting sequence and structure homologs to identify protein–protein binding sites , 2005, Proteins.

[59]  K. Hao,et al.  LdCompare: rapid computation of single- and multiple-marker r2 and genetic coverage , 2007, Bioinform..

[60]  Marc Vidal,et al.  Yeast Two-hybrid Systems and Protein Interaction Mapping Projects for Yeast and Worm , 2022 .

[61]  Anna Wilk,et al.  Cell electrophoresis — a method for cell separation and research into cell surface properties , 2008, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[62]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Lethality and centrality in protein networks , 2001, Nature.

[63]  Gary D Bader,et al.  A Combined Experimental and Computational Strategy to Define Protein Interaction Networks for Peptide Recognition Modules , 2001, Science.

[64]  B. Rost,et al.  Predicted protein–protein interaction sites from local sequence information , 2003, FEBS letters.

[65]  Andrzej Kloczkowski,et al.  Functional clustering of yeast proteins from the protein-protein interaction network , 2006, BMC Bioinformatics.

[66]  M. Sternberg,et al.  Prediction of protein-protein interactions by docking methods. , 2002, Current opinion in structural biology.

[67]  L. Mirny,et al.  Universally conserved positions in protein folds: reading evolutionary signals about stability, folding kinetics and function. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[68]  Gary D Bader,et al.  Analyzing yeast protein–protein interaction data obtained from different sources , 2002, Nature Biotechnology.

[69]  C. Chothia,et al.  The atomic structure of protein-protein recognition sites. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[70]  Martin Vingron,et al.  IntAct: an open source molecular interaction database , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[71]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  Support-vector-machine classification of linear functional motifs in proteins , 2006, Journal of molecular modeling.

[72]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  AutoMotif Server for prediction of phosphorylation sites in proteins using support vector machine: 2007 update , 2008, Journal of molecular modeling.

[73]  J. Barciszewski,et al.  Structure prediction, evolution and ligand interaction of CHASE domain , 2004, FEBS letters.

[74]  Dao-Qiang Zhang,et al.  The inhibition of in vivo tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma (OS)-732 cells by antisense human osteopontin RNA , 2007, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[75]  Marcin von Grotthuss,et al.  Detecting distant homology with Meta-BASIC , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[76]  R Lavery,et al.  BI-BII transitions in B-DNA. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[77]  W. Delano Unraveling hot spots in binding interfaces: progress and challenges. , 2002, Current opinion in structural biology.

[78]  A. Valencia,et al.  Prediction of protein--protein interaction sites in heterocomplexes with neural networks. , 2002, European journal of biochemistry.

[79]  J. Bujnicki,et al.  Cooperative binding of the hnRNP K three KH domains to mRNA targets , 2004, FEBS letters.

[80]  E. Marcotte,et al.  A fast algorithm for genome‐wide analysis of proteins with repeated sequences , 1999, Proteins.

[81]  Ozlem Keskin,et al.  Prediction of protein-protein interactions by combining structure and sequence conservation in protein interfaces , 2005, Bioinform..

[82]  Piero Fariselli,et al.  ConSeq: the identification of functionally and structurally important residues in protein sequences , 2004, Bioinform..

[83]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  Assessing Different Classification Methods for Virtual Screening , 2006, J. Chem. Inf. Model..

[84]  Michael J E Sternberg,et al.  Protein–protein docking using 3D‐Dock in rounds 3, 4, and 5 of CAPRI , 2005, Proteins.

[85]  Pinak Chakrabarti,et al.  Interresidue contacts in proteins and protein-protein interfaces and their use in characterizing the homodimeric interface. , 2005, Journal of proteome research.

[86]  Christian von Mering,et al.  STRING: known and predicted protein–protein associations, integrated and transferred across organisms , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[87]  D. Botstein,et al.  Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[88]  L. Rychlewski,et al.  Predicting Protein Structures Accurately , 2004, Science.

[89]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  AutoMotif server: prediction of single residue post-translational modifications in proteins , 2005, Bioinform..

[90]  Frederick P. Roth,et al.  Predicting co-complexed protein pairs using genomic and proteomic data integration , 2004, BMC Bioinformatics.

[91]  D. Bu,et al.  Topological structure analysis of the protein-protein interaction network in budding yeast. , 2003, Nucleic acids research.

[92]  R. Sharan,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of protein complexes within and across species , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[93]  B. Snel,et al.  Comparative assessment of large-scale data sets of protein–protein interactions , 2002, Nature.

[94]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  Integrated web service for improving alignment quality based on segments comparison , 2004, BMC Bioinformatics.

[95]  H. Gronemeyer,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of retinoid action. , 2001, Cellular & molecular biology letters.

[96]  Ruben Abagyan,et al.  Statistical analysis and prediction of protein–protein interfaces , 2005, Proteins.

[97]  R. Karp,et al.  From the Cover : Conserved patterns of protein interaction in multiple species , 2005 .

[98]  M. Mikuła,et al.  Mitochondria-associated satellite I RNA binds to hnRNP K protein. , 2006, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[99]  Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new , 1997 .

[100]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  DFT study on hydroxy acid-lactone interconversion of statins: The case of fluvastatin. , 2006, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[101]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  In Silico Prediction of SARS Protease Inhibitors by Virtual High Throughput Screening , 2007, Chemical biology & drug design.

[102]  I. Tanaka,et al.  A protein structural motif that bends DNA , 1989, Proteins.

[103]  J. Reguła,et al.  Three clinical variants of gastroesophageal reflux disease form two distinct gene expression signatures , 2006, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[104]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Quantum chemical study of the mechanism of ethylene elimination in silylative coupling of olefins , 2007, Journal of molecular modeling.

[105]  D. Lamb,et al.  Is a genetic defect in Fkbp6 a common cause of azoospermia in humans? , 2006, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[106]  D. Corey,et al.  Trypsin display on the surface of bacteriophage. , 1993, Gene.

[107]  Y. Zhang,et al.  IntAct—open source resource for molecular interaction data , 2006, Nucleic Acids Res..

[108]  Alfonso Valencia,et al.  Implementing the iHOP concept for navigation of biomedical literature , 2005, ECCB/JBI.

[109]  L. Kavraki,et al.  An accurate, sensitive, and scalable method to identify functional sites in protein structures. , 2003, Journal of molecular biology.

[110]  N. Friedman,et al.  CIS: compound importance sampling method for protein-DNA binding site p-value estimation , 2005, Bioinform..

[111]  B. Séraphin,et al.  A generic protein purification method for protein complex characterization and proteome exploration , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[112]  M. Ashburner,et al.  Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology , 2000, Nature Genetics.

[113]  Emily Dimmer,et al.  The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) Database - An integrated resource of GO annotations to the UniProt Knowledgebase , 2003, Silico Biol..

[114]  Robert D. Finn,et al.  Pfam: clans, web tools and services , 2005, Nucleic Acids Res..

[115]  Veronica Rotemberg,et al.  CoC: a database of universally conserved residues in protein folds , 2005, Bioinform..

[116]  Hanah Margalit,et al.  Characterization and prediction of protein–protein interactions within and between complexes , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[117]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  Molecular modeling of phosphorylation sites in proteins using a database of local structure segments , 2005, Journal of molecular modeling.

[118]  Igor Jurisica,et al.  Online Predicted Human Interaction Database , 2005, Bioinform..

[119]  David A. Gough,et al.  Predicting protein-protein interactions from primary structure , 2001, Bioinform..

[120]  Xin Liu,et al.  Prediction of Protein Secondary Structure Based on Residue Pairs , 2002, J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol..

[121]  B. Władyka,et al.  Regulation of bacterial protease activity , 2008, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[122]  Robert B. Russell,et al.  InterPreTS: protein Interaction Prediction through Tertiary Structure , 2003, Bioinform..

[123]  P. Uetz,et al.  High-throughput screening for protein-protein interactions using two-hybrid assay. , 2000, Methods in enzymology.

[124]  Bruno O Villoutreix,et al.  Proposed structural models of the prothrombinase (FXa–FVa) complex , 2006, Proteins.

[125]  Hui Lu,et al.  MULTIPROSPECTOR: An algorithm for the prediction of protein–protein interactions by multimeric threading , 2002, Proteins.

[126]  J. Ostrowski,et al.  Characterization of hnRNP K protein-RNA interactions. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[127]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  The RPSP: Web server for prediction of signal peptides , 2007 .

[128]  Yoshihiro Yamaguchi,et al.  Roles for the Two-hybrid System in Exploration of the Yeast Protein Interactome* , 2002, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[129]  Vasant Honavar,et al.  Predicting binding sites of hydrolase-inhibitor complexes by combining several methods , 2004, BMC Bioinformatics.

[130]  A. Owen,et al.  A Bayesian framework for combining heterogeneous data sources for gene function prediction (in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[131]  Darren A. Natale,et al.  The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes , 2003, BMC Bioinformatics.

[132]  D T Jones,et al.  Protein secondary structure prediction based on position-specific scoring matrices. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[133]  R. Raz,et al.  ProMate: a structure based prediction program to identify the location of protein-protein binding sites. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[134]  Raja Jothi,et al.  Co-evolutionary analysis of domains in interacting proteins reveals insights into domain-domain interactions mediating protein-protein interactions. , 2006, Journal of molecular biology.

[135]  Marcin von Grotthuss,et al.  ORFeus: detection of distant homology using sequence profiles and predicted secondary structure , 2003, Nucleic Acids Res..

[136]  Sándor Pongor,et al.  Graph-representation of oxidative folding pathways , 2005, BMC Bioinformatics.

[137]  Leszek Rychlewski,et al.  Detection of reliable and unexpected protein fold predictions using 3D-Jury , 2003, Nucleic Acids Res..

[138]  Hanno Steen,et al.  Development of human protein reference database as an initial platform for approaching systems biology in humans. , 2003, Genome research.

[139]  Loris Nanni,et al.  An ensemble of K-local hyperplanes for predicting protein-protein interactions , 2006, Bioinform..

[140]  Barry Schweitzer,et al.  Microarrays to characterize protein interactions on a whole‐proteome scale , 2003, Proteomics.

[141]  J. Thornton,et al.  Protein–protein interfaces: Analysis of amino acid conservation in homodimers , 2001, Proteins.

[142]  R. Ozawa,et al.  A comprehensive two-hybrid analysis to explore the yeast protein interactome , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[143]  Patrick Aloy,et al.  Interrogating protein interaction networks through structural biology , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[144]  W. Subczynski,et al.  Is a fluid-mosaic model of biological membranes fully relevant? Studies on lipid organization in model and biological membranes. , 2003, Cellular & molecular biology letters.

[145]  A. Bellamy,et al.  Rotavirus serotype IV: nucleotide sequence of genomic segment nine of the St Thomas 3 strain. , 1989, Nucleic Acids Research.

[146]  N. Ben-Tal,et al.  Residue frequencies and pairing preferences at protein–protein interfaces , 2001, Proteins.

[147]  Daniel R. Caffrey,et al.  Are protein–protein interfaces more conserved in sequence than the rest of the protein surface? , 2004, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[148]  Lisa J. Mullan,et al.  Molecular characterisation of the SAND protein family: a study based on comparative genomics, structural bioinformatics and phylogeny. , 2004, Cellular & molecular biology letters.

[149]  C. Hsieh,et al.  Polymorphisms of the uridine-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene and coronary artery disease , 2007, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[150]  Jiang Wu,et al.  Trapping of intermediates during the refolding of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) by cyanylation, and subsequent structural elucidation by mass spectrometry , 1998, Protein Science.

[151]  Jakub Pas,et al.  Application of 3D‐Jury, GRDB, and Verify3D in fold recognition , 2003, Proteins.

[152]  C. Ji,et al.  Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human gene containing 4 ankyrin repeat domains. , 2005, Cellular & molecular biology letters.

[153]  Chern-Sing Goh,et al.  Co-evolutionary analysis reveals insights into protein-protein interactions. , 2002, Journal of molecular biology.

[154]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  Target specific compound identification using a support vector machine. , 2007, Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening.

[155]  T. Chiba,et al.  Exploring the protein interactome using comprehensive two-hybrid projects. , 2001, Trends in biotechnology.

[156]  D. Bu,et al.  the protein–protein interaction network , 2004 .

[157]  Ozlem Keskin,et al.  PRISM: protein interactions by structural matching , 2005, Nucleic Acids Res..

[158]  András Kocsor,et al.  Application of a simple likelihood ratio approximant to protein sequence classification , 2006, Bioinform..

[159]  Huan‐Xiang Zhou,et al.  Prediction of protein interaction sites from sequence profile and residue neighbor list , 2001, Proteins.

[160]  Desmond J. Higham,et al.  A lock-and-key model for protein-protein interactions , 2006, Bioinform..

[161]  J. Thornton,et al.  Structural characterisation and functional significance of transient protein-protein interactions. , 2003, Journal of molecular biology.

[162]  Dariusz M Plewczynski,et al.  A support vector machine approach to the identification of phosphorylation sites. , 2005, Cellular & molecular biology letters.

[163]  L A Mirny,et al.  How evolution makes proteins fold quickly. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[164]  Jakub Pas,et al.  Ligand.Info small-molecule Meta-Database. , 2004, Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening.

[165]  Ram Samudrala,et al.  Functional annotation from predicted protein interaction networks , 2005, Bioinform..

[166]  Arul Jayaraman,et al.  Advances in proteomic technologies. , 2002, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[167]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Effects of substituting a OH group by a F atom in D-glucose. Ab initio and DFT analysis. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[168]  Dariusz Plewczynski,et al.  PDB-UF: database of predicted enzymatic functions for unannotated protein structures from structural genomics , 2006, BMC Bioinformatics.

[169]  Sándor Pongor,et al.  The SBASE domain sequence resource, release 12: prediction of protein domain-architecture using support vector machines , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[170]  Michal Linial,et al.  ProTeus: identifying signatures in protein termini , 2005, Nucleic Acids Res..

[171]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Syn- and anti-conformations of 5′-deoxy- and 5′-O-methyl-uridine 2′,3′-cyclic monophosphate , 2006, Journal of molecular modeling.

[172]  Marcin von Grotthuss,et al.  Ligand-Info, Searching for Similar Small Compounds Using Index Profiles , 2003, Bioinform..

[173]  Arne Elofsson,et al.  3D-Jury: A Simple Approach to Improve Protein Structure Predictions , 2003, Bioinform..

[174]  N. Grishin,et al.  Identification of novel restriction endonuclease-like fold families among hypothetical proteins , 2005, Nucleic acids research.

[175]  András Kocsor,et al.  Sequence analysis Application of compression-based distance measures to protein sequence classification : a methodological study , 2005 .

[176]  M. Hoffmann,et al.  Modeling of purine derivatives transport across cell membranes based on their partition coefficient determination and quantum chemical calculations. , 2005, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[177]  Shoshana J Wodak,et al.  Prediction of protein-protein interactions: the CAPRI experiment, its evaluation and implications. , 2004, Current opinion in structural biology.

[178]  M. Gerstein,et al.  A Bayesian Networks Approach for Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions from Genomic Data , 2003, Science.

[179]  Ting Chen,et al.  Algorithms for identifying protein cross-links via tandem mass spectrometry , 2001, J. Comput. Biol..