Embodied and enacted: the Janus faces of structure-of-use

In this paper, we introduce two sides of structure pertinent to the design and use of an artifact: embodied structure and enacted structure. We then locate these concepts in both historical and contemporary examples: the game of chess, the development of the rule of the road, and the implementation of an information technology artifact within a particular organization. The significance of our attempt is two fold. Firstly, it provides an alternative analytical view in examining the structures within interaction between an artifact and its users. Secondly, it calls for consideration of these two structures when designing an artifact.