ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE: From Gene to Function.

Plants, some fungi, and protists contain a cyanide-resistant, alternative mitochondrial respiratory pathway. This pathway branches at the ubiquinone pool and consists of an alternative oxidase encoded by the nuclear gene Aox1. Alternative pathway respiration is only linked to proton translocation at Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase). Alternative oxidase expression is influenced by stress stimuli-cold, oxidative stress, pathogen attack-and by factors constricting electron flow through the cytochrome pathway of respiration. Control is exerted at the levels of gene expression and in response to the availability of carbon and reducing potential. Posttranslational control involves reversible covalent modification of the alternative oxidase and activation by specific carbon metabolites. This dynamic system of coarse and fine control may function to balance upstream respiratory carbon metabolism and downstream electron transport when these coupled processes become imbalanced as a result of changes in the supply of, or demand for, carbon, reducing power, and ATP.

[1]  O. Warburg Über die Geschwindigkeit der photochemischen Kohlensäurezersetzung in lebenden Zellen. II , 1928 .

[2]  B. T. Storey,et al.  The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. II. Oxidative phosphorylation in skunk cabbage mitochondria. , 1969, Plant physiology.

[3]  R. Buggeln,et al.  TIME, SPACE, LIGHT AND DARKNESS IN THE METABOLIC FLARE-UP OF THE SAUROMATUM APPENDIX* , 1969 .

[4]  A. Lambowitz,et al.  Cyanide-Resistant Respiration in Neurospora crassa , 1971, Journal of Bacteriology.

[5]  B. T. Storey,et al.  Specific inhibition of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway in plant mitochondria by hydroxamic acids. , 1971, Plant physiology.

[6]  E. Nyns,et al.  Cyanide-insensitive respiration of "Candida lipolytica". , 1972, Archives internationales de physiologie et de biochimie.

[7]  B. Meeuse Thermogenic Respiration in Aroids , 1975 .

[8]  Henry Mf,et al.  Cyanide-insensitive respiration. An alternative mitochondrial pathway. , 1975 .

[9]  J. Palmer THE ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN PLANT MITOCHONDRIA , 1976 .

[10]  N. W. Gillham,et al.  Nuclear mutations affecting mitochondrial structure and function in Chlamydomonas , 1977, The Journal of cell biology.

[11]  J. Rissler,et al.  Contribution of a Cyanide-insensitive Alternate Respiratory System to Increases in Formamide Hydro-lyase Activity and to Growth in Stemphylium loti in Vitro. , 1977, Plant physiology.

[12]  P. Rich Quinol oxidation in Arum maculatum mitochondria and its application to the assay, solubilisation and partial purification of the alternative oxidase , 1978 .

[13]  C. Slayman THE FUNCTION OF AN ALTERNATIVE TERMINAL OXIDASE IN NEUROSPORA , 1978 .

[14]  J. M. Palmer,et al.  Isolation of a cyanide‐resistant duroquinol oxidase from arum maculatum mitochondria , 1978, FEBS letters.

[15]  J. F. Turner,et al.  The regulation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway , 1980 .

[16]  J. F. Turner,et al.  7 – The Regulation of Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway , 1980 .

[17]  S. Marzuki,et al.  Evidence that cytochrome b is the antimycin-binding component of the yeast mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. , 1980, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[18]  J. Siedow,et al.  Structural features required for inhibition of cyanide-insensitive electron transfer by propyl gallate. , 1981, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[19]  H. Lambers CYANIDE-RESISTANT RESPIRATION - A NON-PHOSPHORYLATING ELECTRON-TRANSPORT PATHWAY ACTING AS AN ENERGY OVERFLOW , 1982 .

[20]  G. Laties The Cyanide-Resistant, Alternative Path in Higher Plant Respiration , 1982 .

[21]  H. Lambers,et al.  The regulation of glycolysis and electron transport in roots , 1983 .

[22]  H. Lambers,et al.  Effect of photosynthesis and carbohydrate status on respiratory rates and the involvement of the alternative pathway in leaf respiration. , 1983, Plant physiology.

[23]  G. Edwards,et al.  Isolation of Mitochondria from Leaf Tissue of Panicum miliaceum, a NAD-Malic Enzyme Type C(4) Plant. , 1983, Plant physiology.

[24]  H. Lambers Respiration in Intact Plants and Tissues: Its Regulation and Dependence on Environmental Factors, Metabolism and Invaded Organisms , 1985 .

[25]  J. Siedow,et al.  A relationship between plant responses to cytokinins and cyanide‐resistant respiration , 1985 .

[26]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Characterization and Solubilization of the Alternative Oxidase of Sauromatum guttatum Mitochondria. , 1986, Plant physiology.

[27]  B. Strain,et al.  Response of two pea hybrids to CO2 enrichment: a test of the energy overflow hypothesis for alternative respiration. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  P. Rich,et al.  Partial Purification and Characterization of the Quinol Oxidase Activity of Arum maculatum Mitochondria. , 1986, Plant physiology.

[29]  I. Murfet,et al.  Inheritance of cyanide‐resistant respiration in two cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) , 1986 .

[30]  Y. Anraku,et al.  The aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli , 1987 .

[31]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Identification of the alternative terminal oxidase of higher plant mitochondria. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  A. H. Stouthamer,et al.  Isolation and characterization of ubiquinol oxidase complexes from Paracoccus denitrificans cells cultured under various limiting growth conditions in the chemostat. , 1987, European journal of biochemistry.

[33]  H. Lambers,et al.  Measurement of the activity and capacity of the alternative pathway in intact plant tissues: Identification of problems and possible solutions , 1988 .

[34]  D. Obenland,et al.  Occurrence of alternative respiratory capacity in soybean and pea. , 1988, Plant physiology.

[35]  S. B. Wilson The switching of electron flux from the cyanide-insensitive oxidase to the cytochrome pathway in mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) mitochondria. , 1988, The Biochemical journal.

[36]  I. Dry,et al.  Measurement of the redox state of the ubiquinone pool in plant mitochondria , 1988 .

[37]  A. Goyal,et al.  Variations in the Alternative Oxidase in Chlamydomonas Grown in Air or High CO(2). , 1989, Plant physiology.

[38]  I. Raskin,et al.  Regulation of heat production in the inflorescences of an Arum lily by endogenous salicylic acid. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  R. Douce,et al.  THE UNIQUENESS OF PLANT MITOCHONDRIA , 1989 .

[40]  N. Crawford,et al.  Evidence for function of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system in the reductive activation of target enzymes of isolated intact chloroplasts. , 1989, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[41]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies to the alternative oxidase of higher plant mitochondria. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[42]  D A Day,et al.  Regulation of alternative pathway activity in plant mitochondria: nonlinear relationship between electron flux and the redox poise of the quinone pool. , 1989, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[43]  T. Komiyama,et al.  Possible role of a 36 kDa protein induced by respiratory inhibitors in cyanide-resistant respiration in Hansenula anomala. , 1989, Journal of biochemistry.

[44]  A. Lambowitz,et al.  Immunological identification of the alternative oxidase of Neurospora crassa mitochondria , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[45]  I. Bingham,et al.  Activity and capacity of respiratory pathways in barley roots deprived of inorganic nutrients , 1989 .

[46]  M. Kraak,et al.  Respiration of plant mitochondria with various substrates: alternative pathway with NADH and TCA cycle derived substrates , 1989 .

[47]  A. Holmgren,et al.  Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. , 2019, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[48]  H. Follmann,et al.  Animal and plant mitochondria contain specific thioredoxins , 1989, FEBS letters.

[49]  R. Guy,et al.  Cytochrome and alternative pathway respiration in green algae : measurements using inhibitors and o(2) discrimination. , 1990, Plant Physiology.

[50]  A. Rasmusson,et al.  NADP-Utilizing Enzymes in the Matrix of Plant Mitochondria. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[51]  C. Hiser,et al.  Alternative Oxidase of Potato Is an Integral Membrane Protein Synthesized de Novo during Aging of Tuber Slices. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[52]  D. Obenland,et al.  Relationship of alternative respiratory capacity and alternative oxidase amount during soybean seedling growth , 1990 .

[53]  B. Martin,et al.  Seedling growth, mitochondrial characteristics, and alternative respiratory capacity of corn genotypes differing in cold tolerance. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[54]  J. G. Scandalios Response of plant antioxidant defense genes to environmental stress. , 1990, Advances in genetics.

[55]  J. Habener Cyclic AMP response element binding proteins: a cornucopia of transcription factors. , 1990, Molecular endocrinology.

[56]  P. Dizengremel,et al.  Changes in Properties of Barley Leaf Mitochondria Isolated from NaCl-Treated Plants. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[57]  P. Baeuerle,et al.  Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF‐kappa B transcription factor and HIV‐1. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[58]  M. Ribas-Carbó,et al.  Short-term effects of carbon dioxide on carnation callus cell respiration. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[59]  R. Scheibe,et al.  Redox-modulation of chloroplast enzymes : a common principle for individual control. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[60]  T. Komiyama,et al.  Molecular cloning of cDNA for antimycin A-inducible mRNA and its role in cyanide-resistant respiration in Hansenula anomala. , 1991, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[61]  N. Minagawa,et al.  Induction of Cyanide-Resistant Respiration by Sulfur Compounds in Hansenula anomala , 1991 .

[62]  Arun Goyal,et al.  Progress No. 9 Cultivar of Pea Has Alternative Respiratory Capacity and Normal Glycine Metabolism , 1991 .

[63]  F. Masiarz,et al.  Plant thioredoxin h: an animal-like thioredoxin occurring in multiple cell compartments. , 1991, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[64]  I. Dry,et al.  Regulation of Alternative Pathway Activity in Plant Mitochondria : Deviations from Q-Pool Behavior during Oxidation of NADH and Quinols. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[65]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding an alternative oxidase protein of Sauromatum guttatum (Schott). , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[66]  I. Raskin,et al.  Alternative respiration and heat evolution in plants. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[67]  A. Moore,et al.  The regulation and nature of the cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria. , 1991, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[68]  H. Skubatz,et al.  Heat Production in the Voodoo Lily (Sauromatum guttatum) as Monitored by Infrared Thermography. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[69]  M. Nakano,et al.  Possible involvement of superoxide anion in the induction of cyanide‐resistant respiration in Hansenula anomala , 1992, FEBS letters.

[70]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Lower growth temperature increases alternative pathway capacity and alternative oxidase protein in tobacco. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[71]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Coordinate regulation of cytochrome and alternative pathway respiration in tobacco. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[72]  J. Berry,et al.  Measurements of the Engagement of Cyanide-Resistant Respiration in the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana with the Use of On-Line Oxygen Isotope Discrimination. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[73]  J. Whelan,et al.  Tissue-specific expression of the alternative oxidase in soybean and siratro. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[74]  I. Raskin,et al.  Salicylic Acid induces cyanide-resistant respiration in tobacco cell-suspension cultures. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[75]  Anuj Kumar,et al.  Arabidopsis alternative oxidase sustains Escherichia coli respiration. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[76]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Salicylic Acid Regulation of Respiration in Higher Plants: Alternative Oxidase Expression. , 1992, The Plant cell.

[77]  A. Moore,et al.  A kinetic model for the regulation of electron transfer through the cyanide-resistant pathway in plant mitochondria , 1993 .

[78]  J. Siedow,et al.  Covalent and Noncovalent Dimers of the Cyanide-Resistant Alternative Oxidase Protein in Higher Plant Mitochondria and Their Relationship to Enzyme Activity , 1993, Plant physiology.

[79]  H. Akerlund,et al.  Induction and activation of the alternative oxidase of potato tuber mitochondria , 1993 .

[80]  L. Grivell,et al.  Global regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1993, Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology.

[81]  H. Weger,et al.  REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY RESPIRATION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTH (CHLOROPHYCEAE) 1 , 1993 .

[82]  J. Allen Redox control of transcription: sensors, response regulators, activators and repressers , 1993, FEBS letters.

[83]  J. Whelan,et al.  Sequencing of a Soybean Alternative Oxidase cDNA Clone , 1993, Plant physiology.

[84]  R. Shewfelt,et al.  Does the alternative pathway ameliorate chilling injury in sensitive plant tissues? , 1993, Physiologia plantarum.

[85]  A. Millar,et al.  Organic acid activation of the alterNatlve oxidase of plant mitochondria , 1993, FEBS letters.

[86]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Cytochrome and Alternative Pathway Respiration in Tobacco (Effects of Salicylic Acid) , 1993, Plant physiology.

[87]  J. Siedow,et al.  Partial Purification of the Cyanide-Resistant Alternative Oxidase of Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) Mitochondria , 1993, Plant physiology.

[88]  A. Millar,et al.  Regulation of Alternative Oxidase Activity by Pyruvate in Soybean Mitochondria , 1994, Plant physiology.

[89]  R. Scarpulla,et al.  Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link between nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression in organelle biogenesis. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[90]  J. Wiskich,et al.  Regulation of alternative oxidase kinetics by pyruvate and intermolecular disulfide bond redox status in soybean seedling mitochondria , 1994, FEBS letters.

[91]  J. Oost,et al.  The terminal oxidases of Paracoccus denitrificans , 1994, Molecular microbiology.

[92]  L. Mcintosh Molecular Biology of the Alternative Oxidase , 1994, Plant physiology.

[93]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Mitochondrial Electron Transport Regulation of Nuclear Gene Expression (Studies with the Alternative Oxidase Gene of Tobacco) , 1994, Plant physiology.

[94]  R. Gennis,et al.  Energy Transduction by Cytochrome Complexes in Mitochondrial and Bacterial Respiration: The Enzymology of Coupling Electron Transfer Reactions to Transmembrane Proton Translocation , 1994 .

[95]  Alex Levine,et al.  H2O2 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response , 1994, Cell.

[96]  J. Berry,et al.  The reaction of the plant mitochondrial cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase with oxygen , 1994 .

[97]  J. Jacquot,et al.  Identification and characterization of the second regulatory disulfide bridge of recombinant sorghum leaf NADP-malate dehydrogenase. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[98]  M. Vayda,et al.  Potato alternative oxidase: detection of mRNA by PCR and tissue-specific differences in the protein levels. , 1994 .

[99]  W. N. Venables,et al.  Random effects and variances as a synthesis of nonlinear regression analyses of mitochondrial electron transport , 1994 .

[100]  Christine H. Foyer,et al.  Photooxidative stress in plants , 1994 .

[101]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Molecular Genetic Alteration of Plant Respiration (Silencing and Overexpression of Alternative Oxidase in Transgenic Tobacco) , 1994, Plant physiology.

[102]  S. Mayfield,et al.  Light-regulated translation of chloroplast messenger RNAs through redox potential. , 1994, Science.

[103]  S. Hajduk,et al.  Developmental regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis inTrypanosoma brucei , 1994, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

[104]  M. Hanson,et al.  Tissue-Specific Protein Expression in Plant Mitochondria. , 1994, The Plant cell.

[105]  K. Krab,et al.  The relationship between electron flux and the redox poise of the quinone pool in plant mitochondria. Interplay between quinol-oxidizing and quinone-reducing pathways. , 1994, European journal of biochemistry.

[106]  K. Krab,et al.  Control of oxidative phosphorylation in plant mitochondria: The role of non-phosphorylating pathways , 1994 .

[107]  R. Allen,et al.  Dissection of Oxidative Stress Tolerance Using Transgenic Plants , 1995, Plant physiology.

[108]  J. Berry,et al.  Ubiquinone redox behavior in plant mitochondria during electron transport. , 1995, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[109]  J. Wiskich,et al.  Regulation of alternative oxidase activity in higher plants , 1995, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

[110]  K. Krab,et al.  The alternative respiration pathway in plants : role and regulation , 1995 .

[111]  S. Temple,et al.  Identification and Partial Purification of a Stage‐Specific 33 kDa Mitochondrial Protein as the Alternative Oxidase of the Trypanosoma brucei brucei Bloodstream Trypomastigotes , 1995, The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.

[112]  A. Millar,et al.  Regulation of the Alternative Oxidase in Plants and Fungi. , 1995 .

[113]  J. Siedow,et al.  Plant Mitochondrial Electron Transfer and Molecular Biology. , 1995, The Plant cell.

[114]  J. Allen,et al.  Photosynthesis: Regulation by redox signalling , 1995, Current Biology.

[115]  I. Raskin,et al.  Chilling-Induced Heat Evolution in Plants , 1995, Plant physiology.

[116]  A. Millar,et al.  Cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathways compete for electrons in the presence of pyruvate in soybean mitochondria. , 1995, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[117]  B. Hahn-Hagerdal,et al.  Existence of Cyanide-Insensitive Respiration in the Yeast Pichia stipitis and Its Possible Influence on Product Formation during Xylose Utilization , 1995, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[118]  J. Allen,et al.  Histidine and tyrosine phosphorylation in pea mitochondria: evidence for protein phosphorylation in respiratory redox signalling , 1995, FEBS letters.

[119]  S. Kromer RESPIRATION DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS , 1995 .

[120]  J. Berry,et al.  Beyond SHAM and cyanide : opportunities for studying the alternative oxidase in plant respiration using oxygen isotope discrimination , 1995 .

[121]  A. Wagner A role for active oxygen species as second messengers in the induction of alternative oxidase gene expression in Petunia hybrida cells , 1995, FEBS letters.

[122]  P. Gardeström,et al.  Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Mitochondria from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , 1995, Plant physiology.

[123]  J. Berry,et al.  Electron Partitioning between the Cytochrome and Alternative Pathways in Plant Mitochondria , 1995, Plant physiology.

[124]  J. Whelan,et al.  Cloning of an Additional cDNA for the Alternative Oxidase in Tobacco , 1995, Plant physiology.

[125]  A. Wagner,et al.  Stimulation of the Alternative Pathway by Succinate and Malate , 1995, Plant physiology.

[126]  A. Moore,et al.  The active site of the cyanide‐resistant oxidase from plant mitochondria contains a binuclear iron center , 1995, FEBS letters.

[127]  A. Moore,et al.  Structure-function relationships of the alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria: A model of the active site , 1995, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

[128]  P. Falkowski,et al.  Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[129]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Alternative Oxidase Activity in Tobacco Leaf Mitochondria (Dependence on Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Mediated Redox Regulation and Pyruvate Activation) , 1995, Plant physiology.

[130]  H. Weger,et al.  Azide-stimulated oxygen consumption by the green alga Selenastrum minutum , 1996 .

[131]  Peter Walter,et al.  Regulation of Organelle Biogenesis , 1996, Cell.

[132]  P. Low,et al.  The oxidative burst in plant defense: Function and signal transduction , 1996 .

[133]  G. Vanlerberghe,et al.  Signals Regulating the Expression of the Nuclear Gene Encoding Alternative Oxidase of Plant Mitochondria , 1996, Plant physiology.

[134]  P. Kapranov,et al.  Genetic Modification of Respiratory Capacity in Potato , 1996, Plant physiology.

[135]  W. Plaxton,et al.  THE ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF PLANT GLYCOLYSIS. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[136]  H. Jeppsson Pentose utilization in yeasts: Physiology and biochemistry , 1996 .

[137]  C. Sen,et al.  Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription , 1996, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[138]  F. Nargang,et al.  Cloning and analysis of the alternative oxidase gene of Neurospora crassa. , 1996, Genetics.

[139]  K. Krab,et al.  The Cyanide-Resistant Oxidase: To Inhibit or Not to Inhibit, That Is the Question , 1996, Plant physiology.

[140]  A. Millar,et al.  Specificity of the Organic Acid Activation of Alternative Oxidase in Plant Mitochondria , 1996, Plant physiology.

[141]  R. Scarpulla Nuclear respiratory factors and the pathways of nuclear-mitochondrial interaction. , 1996, Trends in cardiovascular medicine.

[142]  J. Wiskich,et al.  Alternative oxidase from Arum and soybean: Its stabilization during purification , 1996 .

[143]  K. Koch CARBOHYDRATE-MODULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN PLANTS. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[144]  J. Wiskich,et al.  Alternative Oxidase Activity and the Ubiquinone Redox Level in Soybean Cotyledon and Arum Spadix Mitochondria during NADH and Succinate Oxidation , 1996, Plant physiology.

[145]  A. Agostino,et al.  Mitochondrial Respiration in Relation to Photosynthetic C4 Acid Decarboxylation in C4 Species , 1996 .

[146]  H. Tamura,et al.  A possible mechanism of control of rice blast disease by a novel alkoxyiminoacetamide fungicide, SSF126. , 1996 .

[147]  J S Valentine,et al.  Superoxide Dismutase Activity Is Essential for Stationary Phase Survival in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[148]  P. Rich,et al.  The substrate affinity of the alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria is not increased by pyruvate. , 1997 .

[149]  L. Mcintosh,et al.  Molecular Genetic Evidence of the Ability of Alternative Oxidase to Support Respiratory Carbon Metabolism , 1997, Plant physiology.