Polycentricity and transit service

This paper focuses on the two related issues of employment distribution and access to transit services. Using the 2001 census tract level economic activities and transit routes within the county, a number of analyses were performed to determine the location of major employment centers in Los Angeles County and how these localities may be understood within the context of a transit service operation in a polycentric metropolitan area. The identified economic subcenters contain one-third of the county employment and its firms, collectively. While these economic nodes are networked by the existing bus routes, the connection between employees and their place of work appears to be inadequate. This has created a less than optimal condition in many sections of the metropolitan area. This paper suggests methodologies for encountering this shortcoming.

[1]  Sandra Rosenbloom,et al.  Gender Differences in Commuter Travel in Tucson: Implications for Travel Demand Management Programs , 2004 .

[2]  H W Richardson,et al.  The Distribution of Population and Employment in a Polycentric City: The Case of Los Angeles , 1986, Environment & planning A.

[3]  K. Small,et al.  URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE. , 1997 .

[4]  Richard Deitz A Joint Model of Residential and Employment Location in Urban Areas , 1998 .

[5]  Eric Damian Kelly,et al.  The Transportation Land-Use Link , 1994 .

[6]  A. Hess,et al.  Maintaining nonvoluntary relationships with disliked partners: an investigation into the use of distancing behaviors , 2000 .

[7]  Qing Shen,et al.  A Spatial Analysis of Job Openings and Access in a U.S. Metropolitan Area , 2001 .

[8]  B. Berry,et al.  Geographic perspectives on urban systems: With integrated readings , 1970 .

[9]  D L Greene,et al.  Recent trends in urban spatial structure. , 1980, Growth and change.

[10]  Ian Dickens Transport investment, economic development and strategic planning: The example of light rail transit , 1992 .

[11]  Yves Zenou,et al.  Does City Structure Affect Job Search and Welfare , 2002 .

[12]  A. Marshall How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken , 2000 .

[13]  B. Berry,et al.  Central places in Southern Germany , 1967 .

[14]  Zhong-ren Peng,et al.  The Jobs-Housing Balance and Urban Commuting , 1997 .

[15]  J. Palen An Urban World , 2021, Fragments of the City.

[16]  Harry W. Richardson,et al.  What Happened to the CBD-Distance Gradient?: Land Values in a Policentric City , 1989 .

[17]  Borden D. Dent,et al.  Interpreting the City: An Urban Geography , 1980 .

[18]  Arthur B. Gallion,et al.  The urban pattern: City planning and design , 1950 .

[19]  C. D. Harris,et al.  The Nature of Cities , 1945, The Urban Geography Reader.

[20]  W. Alonso Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent , 1966 .

[21]  S. Hanson,et al.  GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK-TRIP LENGTH: EXPLANATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS , 1985 .

[22]  J. Zax The Substitution between Moves and Quits , 1991 .

[23]  G. Giuliano,et al.  SUBCENTERS IN THE LOS ANGELES REGION , 1991 .

[24]  Alexander M. Piekarski,et al.  Personality Subgroups in an Inpatient Vietnam Veteran Treatment Program , 1993, Psychological reports.

[25]  Jason W Beckstead,et al.  Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis in Nursing Research , 2002, Western journal of nursing research.

[26]  Alan Altshuler,et al.  THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. POLITICS AND POLICY INNOVATION , 1980 .

[27]  Peter Nijkamp,et al.  Commuting: In Search of Jobs and Residences☆ , 1997 .

[28]  G. Wekerle,et al.  CAPTIVE RIDER, CAPTIVE LABOR: SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS AND WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT , 1988 .

[29]  James E. Rosenbaum,et al.  Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program , 1995 .

[30]  M. Stoll,et al.  Spatial Job Search, Spatial Mismatch, and the Employment and Wages of Racial and Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles , 1999 .

[31]  John F. Kain,et al.  The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later , 1992 .

[32]  John F. McDonald,et al.  Suburban Subcenters and Employment Density in Metropolitan Chicago , 1998 .

[33]  Pin T. Ng,et al.  Using Quantile Smoothing Splines to Identify Employment Subcenters in a Multicentric Urban Area , 2001 .

[34]  H. Holzer,et al.  Spatial factors and the employment of blacks at the firm level , 1996 .

[35]  Harry J. Holzer,et al.  What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers , 1997 .

[36]  A. Modarres Persistent Poverty and the Failure of Area-Based Initiatives in the U.S. , 2002 .

[37]  Barry J. Garner,et al.  The North American city , 1973 .

[38]  Sara L McLafferty,et al.  GENDER, RACE, AND COMMUTING AMONG SERVICE SECTOR WORKERS∗ , 1991 .

[39]  M. Hughes A mobility strategy for improving opportunity , 1995 .

[40]  A. Duany,et al.  Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream , 2000 .

[41]  Michael Batty,et al.  Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function , 1996 .

[42]  B. Portnov Intra-urban Inequalities and Planning Strategies: A Case Study of Be'er Sheva, Israel , 2002 .

[43]  M. White,et al.  Sex Differences in Urban Commuting Patterns , 1986 .

[44]  Joel Garreau Edge City: Life on the New Frontier , 1991 .

[45]  D. McMillen Nonparametric Employment Subcenter Identification , 2001 .

[46]  Thomas W. Sanchez,et al.  The Connection Between Public Transit and Employment , 1999 .

[47]  Perry O. Hanson,et al.  Gender and Urban Activity Patterns in Uppsala, Sweden , 1980 .

[48]  P. Gordon,et al.  Beyond Polycentricity: The Dispersed Metropolis, Los Angeles, 1970-1990 , 1996 .

[49]  S Rosenbloom The transportation needs of single salaried mothers: a critical analysis , 1988 .

[50]  Richard P. Greene,et al.  DEFINING JOB CONCENTRATIONS: THE LOS ANGELES CASE , 1997 .

[51]  Brian D. Taylor,et al.  Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch? An Examination of Race, Residence and Commuting in US Metropolitan Areas , 1994 .

[52]  Karen E Vigneau-Callahan,et al.  Characterization of diet-dependent metabolic serotypes: proof of principle in female and male rats. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[53]  P. Villeneuve,et al.  GENDER AND THE SEPARATION OF EMPLOYMENT FROM HOME IN METROPOLITAN MONTREAL, 1971–1981 , 1988 .