Nanoclay-enriched poly(ɛ-caprolactone) electrospun scaffolds for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.

Musculoskeletal tissue engineering aims at repairing and regenerating damaged tissues using biological tissue substitutes. One approach to achieve this aim is to develop osteoconductive scaffolds that facilitate the formation of functional bone tissue. We have fabricated nanoclay-enriched electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). A range of electrospun scaffolds is fabricated by varying the nanoclay concentrations within the PCL scaffolds. The addition of nanoclay decreases fiber diameter and increases surface roughness of electrospun fibers. The enrichment of PCL scaffold with nanoclay promotes in vitro biomineralization when subjected to simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating bioactive characteristics of the hybrid scaffolds. The degradation rate of PCL increases due to the addition of nanoclay. In addition, a significant increase in crystallization temperature of PCL is also observed due to enhanced surface interactions between PCL and nanoclay. The effect of nanoclay on the mechanical properties of electrospun fibers is also evaluated. The feasibility of using nanoclay-enriched PCL scaffolds for tissue engineering applications is investigated in vitro using hMSCs. The nanoclay-enriched electrospun PCL scaffolds support hMSCs adhesion and proliferation. The addition of nanoclay significantly enhances osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs on the electrospun scaffolds as evident by an increase in alkaline phosphates activity of hMSCs and higher deposition of mineralized extracellular matrix compared to PCL scaffolds. Given its unique bioactive characteristics, nanoclay-enriched PCL fibrous scaffold may be used for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.

[1]  Nanocomposite Polymer Biomaterials for Tissue Repair of Bone and Cartilage: A Material Science Perspective , 2016 .

[2]  Tabatabaei Qomi,et al.  The Design of Scaffolds for Use in Tissue Engineering , 2014 .

[3]  K. Katti,et al.  Nanoclays mediate stem cell differentiation and mineralized ECM formation on biopolymer scaffolds. , 2013, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[4]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Bioactive Silicate Nanoplatelets for Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells , 2013, Advanced materials.

[5]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Highly elastomeric poly(glycerol sebacate)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic block copolymers. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[6]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Hyperbranched polyester hydrogels with controlled drug release and cell adhesion properties. , 2013, Biomacromolecules.

[7]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Effect of biodegradation and de novo matrix synthesis on the mechanical properties of valvular interstitial cell-seeded polyglycerol sebacate-polycaprolactone scaffolds. , 2013, Acta biomaterialia.

[8]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Photocrosslinked nanocomposite hydrogels from PEG and silica nanospheres: structural, mechanical and cell adhesion characteristics. , 2013, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[9]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Effect of biodegradation and de novo matrix synthesis on the mechanical properties of VIC-seeded PGS-PCL scaffolds , 2013 .

[10]  G. Liao,et al.  Electrospun aligned PLLA/PCL/HA composite fibrous membranes and their in vitro degradation behaviors , 2012 .

[11]  U. Mony,et al.  Embedded silica nanoparticles in poly(caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds enhanced osteogenic potential for bone tissue engineering. , 2012, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[12]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Engineering microscale topographies to control the cell-substrate interface. , 2012, Biomaterials.

[13]  O. Akkus,et al.  Physically crosslinked nanocomposites from silicate-crosslinked PEO: mechanical properties and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. , 2012, Macromolecular bioscience.

[14]  Ganesh Nitya,et al.  In vitro evaluation of electrospun PCL/nanoclay composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering , 2012, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[15]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Nanocomposite Polymer Biomaterials for Tissue Repair of Bone and Cartilage: A Material Science Perspective , 2011 .

[16]  Dietmar W. Hutmacher,et al.  Design, fabrication and characterization of PCL electrospun scaffolds—a review , 2011 .

[17]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Hybrid PGS–PCL microfibrous scaffolds with improved mechanical and biological properties , 2011, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[18]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Highly extensible, tough, and elastomeric nanocomposite hydrogels from poly(ethylene glycol) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. , 2011, Biomacromolecules.

[19]  Akhilesh K Gaharwar,et al.  Assessment of using laponite cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) for controlled cell adhesion and mineralization. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[20]  James D. White,et al.  Highly extensible bio-nanocomposite fibers. , 2011, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[21]  Akhilesh K Gaharwar,et al.  Tuning cell adhesion by incorporation of charged silicate nanoparticles as cross-linkers to polyethylene oxide. , 2010, Macromolecular bioscience.

[22]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Bio‐Inspired Hierarchical Macromolecule–Nanoclay Hydrogels for Robust Underwater Superoleophobicity , 2010, Advanced materials.

[23]  J. Grunlan,et al.  Super gas barrier of transparent polymer-clay multilayer ultrathin films. , 2010, Nano letters.

[24]  Yu-Chin Li,et al.  Flame retardant behavior of polyelectrolyte-clay thin film assemblies on cotton fabric. , 2010, ACS nano.

[25]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Development of Biomedical Polymer-Silicate Nanocomposites: A Materials Science Perspective , 2010, Materials.

[26]  Akhilesh K. Gaharwar,et al.  Highly Extensible Bio‐Nanocomposite Films with Direction‐Dependent Properties , 2010 .

[27]  Masaru Yoshida,et al.  High-water-content mouldable hydrogels by mixing clay and a dendritic molecular binder , 2010, Nature.

[28]  N Selvamurugan,et al.  Role of nanofibrous poly(caprolactone) scaffolds in human mesenchymal stem cell attachment and spreading for in vitro bone tissue engineering--response to osteogenic regulators. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[29]  Hae-Won Kim,et al.  Electrospun materials as potential platforms for bone tissue engineering. , 2009, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[30]  Swee Hin Teoh,et al.  Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[31]  E. Cosgriff-Hernandez,et al.  The role of mechanical loading in ligament tissue engineering. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews.

[32]  E. Fortunati,et al.  Processing and properties of poly(ε-caprolactone)/carbon nanofibre composite mats and films obtained by electrospinning and solvent casting , 2009 .

[33]  Casey K. Chan,et al.  Degradation behaviors of electrospun resorbable polyester nanofibers. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews.

[34]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Progress in tissue engineering. , 2009, Scientific American.

[35]  Luc Avérous,et al.  Nano-biocomposites: Biodegradable polyester/nanoclay systems , 2009 .

[36]  Dietmar W Hutmacher,et al.  Dynamics of in vitro polymer degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds: accelerated versus simulated physiological conditions , 2008, Biomedical materials.

[37]  Ioannis Tsivintzelis,et al.  Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: the role of nanoclays on the thermomechanical characteristics and the electrospun fibrous structure. , 2008, Acta biomaterialia.

[38]  Ludwig J. Gauckler,et al.  Bioinspired Design and Assembly of Platelet Reinforced Polymer Films , 2008, Science.

[39]  A. Waas,et al.  Ultrastrong and Stiff Layered Polymer Nanocomposites , 2007, Science.

[40]  C. Laurencin,et al.  Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials , 2007 .

[41]  Moncy V. Jose,et al.  Nanostructured biocomposite scaffolds based on collagen coelectrospun with nanohydroxyapatite. , 2007, Biomacromolecules.

[42]  Nitin Kumar,et al.  High-performance elastomeric nanocomposites via solvent-exchange processing. , 2007, Nature materials.

[43]  Lorenzo Moroni,et al.  Fiber diameter and texture of electrospun PEOT/PBT scaffolds influence human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and morphology, and the release of incorporated compounds. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[44]  S. Sen,et al.  Matrix Elasticity Directs Stem Cell Lineage Specification , 2006, Cell.

[45]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Hydrogels in Biology and Medicine: From Molecular Principles to Bionanotechnology , 2006 .

[46]  David L Kaplan,et al.  Electrospun silk-BMP-2 scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[47]  Tadashi Kokubo,et al.  How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? , 2006, Biomaterials.

[48]  M. Detamore,et al.  Temporomandibular Joint Disc , 2006 .

[49]  K. Moore,et al.  Stem Cells and Their Niches , 2006, Science.

[50]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  Vinoy Thomas,et al.  Electrospun bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds of polycaprolactone and nanohydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. , 2006, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[52]  P. Supaphol,et al.  Preparation and characterization of novel bone scaffolds based on electrospun polycaprolactone fibers filled with nanoparticles. , 2006, Macromolecular bioscience.

[53]  C. Choong,et al.  Simple surface modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) for apatite deposition from simulated body fluid , 2005 .

[54]  J. Hubbell,et al.  Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[55]  M. Detamore,et al.  Motivation, characterization, and strategy for tissue engineering the temporomandibular joint disc. , 2003, Tissue engineering.

[56]  Ayako Oyane,et al.  Preparation and assessment of revised simulated body fluids. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[57]  Larry L Hench,et al.  Third-Generation Biomedical Materials , 2002, Science.

[58]  K. Leong,et al.  The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. , 2001, Tissue engineering.

[59]  C. M. Agrawal,et al.  Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[60]  Q. Guo,et al.  Miscibility, crystallization kinetics and real-time small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of the semicrystalline morphology in thermosetting polymer blends of epoxy resin and poly(ethylene oxide) , 2001 .

[61]  P. Dubois,et al.  Mechanisms and Kinetics of Thermal Degradation of Poly(ε-caprolactone) , 2001 .

[62]  D. Hutmacher,et al.  Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[63]  M. Pittenger,et al.  Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. , 1999, Science.

[64]  T. Kokubo,et al.  Bioactive glass ceramics: properties and applications. , 1991, Biomaterials.

[65]  A. Schindler,et al.  Aliphatic polyesters. I. The degradation of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) in vivo , 1981 .