Toughening of yttria-stabilised tetragonal zirconia ceramics

Abstract Current knowledge of toughening mechanisms in zirconia ceramics is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the transformation toughening of yttria-stabilised polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP). The physics and mechanics of transformation toughening are discussed, but the main aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of the metastable tetragonal zirconia phase on stress induced transformation toughening. The focus is on the microstructural variables governing the stability of tetragonal zirconia in the context of transformation toughening. The potential for additional toughening contributions from microcracking and ferroelastic toughening is briefly addressed and the coupling of toughening mechanisms is also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the future development of Y-TZP-based high toughness materials is given.

[1]  P. Becher.  Toughening behavior in ceramics associated with the transformation of tetragonal ZrO2 , 1986 .

[2]  D. Hasselman,et al.  Evaluation ofKIc of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios , 1982 .

[3]  S. K. Biswas,et al.  Phase Transformation Introduced by Mechanical and Chemical Surface Preparations of Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals , 1993 .

[4]  B. Budiansky,et al.  Steady-state matrix cracking of ceramics reinforced by aligned fibers and transforming particles , 1993 .

[5]  F. Lange.  Transformation toughening , 1982 .

[6]  John W. Hutchinson,et al.  Crack tip shielding by micro-cracking in brittle solids , 1987 .

[7]  Michelle M. Gauthier,et al.  Engineered materials handbook , 1995 .

[8]  J. Chevalier,et al.  Slow-crack-growth behavior of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics processed by different methods , 2003 .

[9]  B. Lawn,et al.  A Critical Evaluation of Indentation Techniques for Measuring Fracture Toughness: II, Strength Method , 1981 .

[10]  Michael P. Anderson,et al.  Influence of Fracture Toughness on the Wear Resistance of Yttria‐Doped Zirconium Oxide , 1989 .

[11]  A. Heuer,et al.  Stress-induced martensitic transformation and ferroelastic deformation adjacent microhardness indents in tetragonal zirconia single crystals , 1998 .

[12]  M. Swain,et al.  Progress in Transformation Toughening of Ceramics , 1994 .

[13]  R. Stephenson.  A and V , 1962, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[14]  E. Kisi,et al.  Crystal Structures of Zirconia Phases and their Inter-Relation , 1998 .

[15]  M. Swain.  Grain-size dependence of toughness and transformability of 2mol% Y-TZP ceramics , 1986 .

[16]  Y. Sakka,et al.  Low‐Temperature Processing and Mechanical Properties of Zirconia and Zirconia–Alumina Nanoceramics , 2003 .

[17]  K. SrivastavaK,et al.  ZrO2‐YO1.5系の修正相平衡図 , 1974 .

[18]  T. Sakuma,et al.  The cubic-tetragonal phase equilibria in the ZrO2-R2O3 (R = Y, Gd, Sm, Nd) systems , 1995 .

[19]  Jung-Ho Ahn,et al.  Effect of Nitrogen Atmosphere on the Densification of a 3‐mol%‐Yttria‐Doped Zirconia , 2002 .

[20]  Anthony G. Evans,et al.  Mechanics of Transformation‐Toughening in Brittle Materials , 1982 .

[21]  R. Cook,et al.  A Modified Indentation Toughness Technique , 1983 .

[22]  H. Schmidt,et al.  Routes to deagglomerated nanopowder by chemical synthesis , 1994 .

[23]  Siegfried Schmauder,et al.  Significance of Internal Stresses for the Martensitic Transformation in Yttria‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals During Degradation , 1986 .

[24]  S. Seal,et al.  Mechanisms of room temperature metastable tetragonal phase stabilisation in zirconia , 2005 .

[25]  H. Schubert,et al.  Microstructure-Mechanical Property Relationships in Hot Isostatically Pressed Alumina and Zirconia-Toughened Alumina , 1990 .

[26]  W. F. Li,et al.  Rapid sintering of nanocrystalline ZrO2(3Y) by spark plasma sintering , 2000 .

[27]  J. Vleugels,et al.  HYBRID SINTERING WITH A TUBULAR SUSCEPTOR IN A CYLINDRICAL SINGLE-MODE MICROWAVE FURNACE , 2000 .

[28]  T. Masaki.  Mechanical properties of Y-PSZ after aging at low temperature , 1986 .

[29]  S. Badwal,et al.  Formation of monoclinic zirconia at the anodic face of tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline solid electrolytes , 1989 .

[30]  K. Morita,et al.  Effect of minor SiO2 addition on the creep behavior of superplastic tetragonal ZrO2 , 2004 .

[31]  F. H. Brown,et al.  The Zirconia‐Yttria System , 1951 .

[32]  Yet-Ming Chiang,et al.  Physical ceramics : principles for ceramic science and engineering / Yet-Ming Chiang, Dunbar P. Birnie, W. David Kingery , 1996 .

[33]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[34]  D. J. Green.  Transformation Toughening Of Ceramics , 1988 .

[35]  T. Fischer,et al.  Effect of Grain Boundary Impurities on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Zirconia Surfaces , 1993 .

[36]  K. Haberko,et al.  Zirconia matrix-tungsten carbide particulate composites manufactured by hot-pressing technique , 1998 .

[37]  M. Yan,et al.  Effect of grain size on the kinetics of isothermal tetragonal to monoclinic transformation in ZrO2(2 mol%Y2O3) ceramics , 1997 .

[38]  Djc MacKay,et al.  Neural network analysis of steel plate processing , 1998 .

[39]  Arthur H. Heuer,et al.  Overview no. 45: On the nucleation of the martensitic transformation in zirconia (ZrO2) , 1985 .

[40]  P. Becher.  Microstructural design of toughened ceramics , 1991 .

[41]  John W. Hutchinson,et al.  Continuum theory of dilatant transformation toughening in ceramics , 1983 .

[42]  A. Virkar.  Role of Ferroelasticity in Toughening of Zirconia Ceramics , 1998 .

[43]  H. G. Scott,et al.  Phase relationships in the zirconia-yttria system , 1975 .

[44]  P. Mallik,et al.  Y-TZP ceramics with optimized toughness: new results , 2004 .

[45]  T. Masaki,et al.  Mechanical properties of highly toughened ZrO2Y2O3 , 1987 .

[46]  J. Luo,et al.  Microstructural design of sensor materials using the core-shell concept , 1999 .

[47]  D. Schläfer,et al.  Grain size dependent residual microstresses in submicron A12O3 and ZrO2 , 1996 .

[48]  R. Steinbrech.  Toughening mechanisms for ceramic materials , 1992 .

[49]  A. Cittadini,et al.  New Y-TZP powders for medical grade zirconia , 1997, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[50]  A. Heuer,et al.  Stability of Tetragonal ZrO2 Particles in Ceramic Matrices , 1982 .

[51]  Rolf W. Steinbrech,et al.  Indentation studies on Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2: II, Toughness determination from stable growth of indentation-induced cracks , 1994 .

[52]  J. Duh,et al.  The use of X-ray line profile analysis in the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation of ball milled, as-sintered and thermally aged zirconia powders , 1997 .

[53]  H. Schubert.  Anisotropic Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Y2O3‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia , 1986 .

[54]  P. Becher,et al.  Toughening Behavior Involving Multiple Mechanisms: Whisker Reinforcement and Zirconia Toughening , 1987 .

[55]  M. Swain,et al.  Relation of transformation temperature to the fracture toughness of transformation-toughened ceramics , 1987 .

[56]  David R. Clarke,et al.  Measurement of the Crystallographically Transformed Zone Produced by Fracture in Ceramics Containing Tetragonal Zirconia , 1982 .

[57]  Doh-Yeon Kim,et al.  Microstructure and Phase Stability of Yttria‐Doped Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals Heat Treated in Nitrogen Atmosphere , 2005 .

[58]  M. Yoshimura,et al.  Phase stability of zirconia , 1988 .

[59]  M. Matthewson,et al.  Mechanical properties of ceramics , 1996 .

[60]  I. Chen.  Model of Transformation Toughening in Brittle Materials , 1991 .

[61]  Hartmut Schneider,et al.  Mullite and mullite ceramics , 1994 .

[62]  M. Tsukada,et al.  Electronic structure and phase stability of ZrO2 , 1983 .

[63]  M. Mecartney.  Influence of an Amorphous Second Phase on the Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (Y-TZP) , 1987 .

[64]  J. Lambropoulos.  Shear, shape and orientation effects in transformation toughening , 1986 .

[65]  Y. Cui.  Interaction of fiber and transformation toughening , 1992 .

[66]  Mats Hillert,et al.  Thermodynamic Model of the Cubic → Tetragonal Transition in Nonstoichiometric Zirconia , 1991 .

[67]  A. Evans.  Perspective on the Development of High‐Toughness Ceramics , 1990 .

[68]  A. Heuer,et al.  The displacive cubic → tetragonal transformation in ZrO2 alloys , 1987 .

[69]  Bikramjit Basu,et al.  Microstructure–toughness–wear relationship of tetragonal zirconia ceramics , 2004 .

[70]  J. Tartaj,et al.  Effects of seeding on the crystallisation kinetics of air-calcined yttria-doped hydrous zirconia , 1998 .

[71]  Y. Choa,et al.  Synthesis of nanograined ZrO2-based composites by chemical processing and pulse electric current sintering , 1999 .

[72]  A. Heuer,et al.  Mechanisms of Toughening Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) , 1977 .

[73]  S. Ramesh,et al.  The effect of copper oxide on sintering, microstructure, mechanical properties and hydrothermal ageing of coated 2.5Y-TZP ceramics , 1999 .

[74]  M. Deighton.  Fracture of Brittle Solids , 1976 .

[75]  B. Budiansky,et al.  Crack-growth resistance in transformation-toughened ceramics , 1989 .

[76]  B. Hoffmann,et al.  The use of impedance spectroscopy in damage detection in tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) , 2000 .

[77]  F. Lange.  Transformation toughening , 1982 .

[78]  M. Swain,et al.  Mechanical property characterization of 9 Mol% Ce-TZP ceramic material — II. Fracture toughness , 1996 .

[79]  F. Lange.  Transformation toughening , 1982 .

[80]  Rolf W. Steinbrech,et al.  Indentation Studies on Y2O2‐Stabilized ZrO2: I, Development of Indentation‐Induced Cracks , 1994 .

[81]  K. Niihara,et al.  Rapid Rate Sintering of Nano-grained ZrO2-based Composites Using Pulse Electric Current Sintering Method , 1998 .

[82]  J. Vleugels,et al.  Preparation of Y2O3-coated ZrO2 powder by suspension drying , 2000 .

[83]  J. Vleugels,et al.  Transformation behavior of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal–TiB_2 composites , 2001 .

[84]  Kevin Barraclough,et al.  I and i , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[85]  S. Stemmer,et al.  Grain boundary segregation in high-purity, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) , 1998 .

[86]  R. German.  Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors , 1985 .

[87]  Michael V. Swain,et al.  Grain‐Size‐Dependent Transformation Behavior in Polycrystalline Tetragonal Zirconia , 1992 .

[88]  I-Wei Chen,et al.  Transformation Plasticity of CeO2‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals: I, Stress Assistance and Autocatalysis , 1988 .

[89]  T. Sōma,et al.  Stress‐Induced Transformation and Plastic Deformation for Y2O3‐Containing Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals , 1986 .

[90]  F. Lange.  Transformation‐Toughened ZrO2: Correlations between Grain Size Control and Composition in the System ZrO2‐Y2O3 , 1986 .

[91]  J. Rödel,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Monoclinic Zirconia , 2004 .

[92]  R. Garvie.  Thermodynamic analysis of the tetragonal to monoclinic transformation in a constrained zirconia microcrystal , 1985 .

[93]  Jan-Fong Jue,et al.  Ferroelastic Domain Switching in Tetragonal Zirconia Single Crystals—Microstructural Aspects , 1991 .

[94]  S. Horibe,et al.  Anelastic behaviour of zirconia ceramics under monotonic and cyclic loadings , 1997 .

[95]  N. Claussen.  Fracture Toughness of Al2O3 with an Unstabilized ZrO2Dispersed Phase , 1976 .

[96]  J. Vleugels,et al.  Mechanical properties of Y2O3/Al2O3-coated Y-TZP ceramics , 2002 .

[97]  M. Mayo.  Processing of nanocrystalline ceramics from ultrafine particles , 1996 .

[98]  J. H. Lee,et al.  Development of WC–ZrO2 Nanocomposites by Spark Plasma Sintering , 2004 .

[99]  I. Chen.  Implications of Transformation Plasticity in ZrO2‐Containing Ceramics: II, Elastic‐Plastic Indentation , 1986 .

[100]  Patrick M. Kelly,et al.  Transformation Toughening in Zirconia‐Containing Ceramics , 2004 .

[101]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[102]  H. Yamamura,et al.  Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of zirconia and yttria-stabilized zirconia , 1999 .

[103]  K. Hwang,et al.  A micromechanics constitutive model of transformation plasticity with shear and dilatation effect , 1991 .

[104]  Anthony G. Evans,et al.  REVIEW—Transformation Toughening in Ceramics: Martensitic Transformations in Crack‐Tip Stress Fields , 1980 .

[105]  A. Evans,et al.  Martensitic transformations in zirconia—particle size effects and toughening , 1981 .

[106]  D. Matlock,et al.  Observation of deformation and transformation behavior of retained austenite in a 0.14C-1.2Si-1.5Mn steel with ferrite-bainite-austenite structure , 1993 .

[107]  R. E. Tressler,et al.  Tailoring Multiphase and Composite Ceramics , 1986 .

[108]  E. Lomonova,et al.  Strength and fracture toughness of zirconia crystals , 1993 .

[109]  Q. Ge,et al.  In situ transmission electron microscopy observations of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation of zirconia in Al2O3-ZrO2 (2 mol % Y2O3) composite , 1993 .

[110]  W. M. Rainforth,et al.  Intermediate rhombohedral (r-ZrO2) phase formation at the surface of sintered Y-TZP's , 1997 .

[111]  H. Tsubakino,et al.  Surface relief associated with isothermal martensite in zirconia-3-mol%-yttria ceramics observed by atomic force microscopy , 2004 .

[112]  E. Kisi,et al.  Neutron Diffraction Observations of Ferroelastic Domain Switching and Tetragonal‐to‐Monoclinic Transformation in Ce‐TZP , 1997 .

[113]  G. Dransfield,et al.  Sintering, microstructure and mechanical properties of commercial Y-TZPs , 1996 .

[114]  L. Rose.  The mechanics of transformation toughening , 1987, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[115]  M. Mayo,et al.  Crystallite and grain-size-dependent phase transformations in yttria-doped zirconia , 2003 .

[116]  M. Readey,et al.  Effect of Heat Treatment on Grain Size, Phase Assemblage, and Mechanical Properties of 3 mol% Y‐TZP , 1996 .

[117]  K. Niihara,et al.  Solid‐Solution Effects of a Small Amount of Nickel Oxide Addition on Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Yttria‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals , 2003 .

[118]  Brian R. Lawn,et al.  A Critical Evaluation of Indentation Techniques for Measuring Fracture Toughness: I , 1981 .

[119]  G. V. Srinivasan,et al.  Ferroelastic Domain Switching in Polydomain Tetragonal Zirconia Single Crystals , 1989 .

[120]  G. Mascolo,et al.  Hydrothermal synthesis of ZrO2–Y2O3 solid solutions at low temperature , 2000 .

[121]  J. Vleugels,et al.  Transformation behaviour of tetragonal zirconia: role of dopant content and distribution , 2004 .