Prosodic misalignment and reduplication

In KiHehe and IsiXhosa, the verb stem is the base for reduplication, and the reduplicant is prefixed to the stem ((la; 2a). As in other languages (McCarthy & Prince 1986, 1993a,b, 1995), the reduplicant (RED) is misaligned with vowel-initial stems: infixed after the initial vowel, in IsiXhosa (lb) and “exfixed” before a prefix which is syllabified with the initial vowel in KiHehe ((2b); notice the infinitive prefix ku- /kw-is also reduplicated):

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