Chapter 2 The mosaic of amacrine cells in the mammalian retina

Although only a minority of the estimated 40 to 50 amacrine types in mammalian retina have been characterized with respect to their dendritic morphology, neurotransmitter content and topographic distribution, the colour-by-colour tiling of the amacrine mosaic is sufficiently advanced that recurring patterns of amacrine organization are becoming evident. This is particularly so in rabbit and cat retinae and, throughout this review, the organization of each amacrine system is illustrated with reference to these two species

[1]  H. Wässle,et al.  Dopaminergic and indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells express GABA- like immunoreactivity in the cat retina , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[2]  C. Watt,et al.  Interactions between enkephalin and γ-aminobutyric acid in the larval tiger salamander retina , 1987, Brain Research.

[3]  V. Perry,et al.  Amacrine cells, displaced amacrine cells and interplexiform cells in the retina of the rat , 1980, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[4]  D. M. Lam,et al.  The gamma-aminobutyric acid system in rabbit retina: localization by immunocytochemistry and autoradiography. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  K. Negishi,et al.  Functional and morphological correlates of amacrine cells in carp retina , 1987, Neuroscience.

[6]  H. Kolb The inner plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations , 1979, Journal of neurocytology.

[7]  C. W. Oyster,et al.  Identification and characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive amacrine cells. , 1984, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[8]  R. Pourcho Autoradiographic localization of [3H]muscimol in the cat retina , 1981, Brain Research.

[9]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity within the monkey retina. , 1982, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[10]  R H Masland,et al.  The shape and arrangement of the cholinergic neurons in the rabbit retina , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[11]  J. Stone,et al.  Catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the developing retina of the rat , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[12]  A. Hughes,et al.  Developing neuronal populations of the cat retinal ganglion cell layer , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[13]  S. Massey,et al.  Transmitter circuits in the vertebrate retina , 1987, Progress in Neurobiology.

[14]  B. Ehinger,et al.  Uptake of certain possible neurotransmitters into retinal neurons of some mammals. , 1974, Experimental eye research.

[15]  B. Boycott,et al.  Morphology and mosaic of on- and off-beta cells in the cat retina and some functional considerations , 1981, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[16]  T. Millar,et al.  Cholinergic amacrine cells of the chicken retina: A light and electron microscope immunocytochemical study , 1987, Neuroscience.

[17]  R. Pourcho,et al.  Colocalization of substance P and γ-aminobutyric acid in amacrine cells of the cat retina , 1988, Brain Research.

[18]  H. Wässle,et al.  The mosaic of nerve cells in the mammalian retina , 1978, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[19]  H. Wässle,et al.  Colocalization of [3H]muscimol uptake and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in amacrine cells of the cat retina , 1988, Neuroscience Letters.

[20]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Colocalization of [3H]muscimol and antisera to GABA and glutamic acid decar☐ylase within the same neurons in monkey retina , 1985, Brain Research.

[21]  B. Boycott,et al.  Matching populations of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the rabbit retina , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[22]  Long-distance intraretinal connections in birds , 1987, Nature.

[23]  R. Marc The role of glycine in the mammalian retina , 1988 .

[24]  H. Wagner,et al.  Amacrine cells in the retina of a teleost fish, the roach (Rutilus rutilus): a Golgi study on differentiation and layering. , 1988, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[25]  N. Osborne,et al.  Serotonin‐Containing Neurones in Vertebrate Retinas , 1982, Journal of neurochemistry.

[26]  N. Osborne,et al.  Direct histochemical localisation of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and the uptake of serotonin by a subpopulation of GABA neurones in the rabbit retina , 1986, Brain Research.

[27]  J. B. Hutchins,et al.  Cholinergic neurons in the human retina. , 1987, Experimental eye research.

[28]  H. Karten,et al.  Chapter 7 Identification and localization of biologically active peptides in the vertebrate retina , 1984 .

[29]  C. Brandon Cholinergic neurons in the rabbit retina: immunocytochemical localization, and relationship to GABAergic and cholinesterase-containing neurons , 1987, Brain Research.

[30]  S. Yazulla,et al.  Neuropeptide‐Like immunoreactive cells in the retina of the larval tiger salamander: Attention to the symmetry of dendritic projections , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[31]  S. Yazulla Chapter 1 GABAergic mechanisms in the retina , 1986 .

[32]  H. Barlow,et al.  Retinal ganglion cells responding selectively to direction and speed of image motion in the rabbit , 1964, The Journal of physiology.

[33]  C. Watt,et al.  GABAergic ganglion cells in the rabbit retina , 1988, Brain Research.

[34]  R. Pourcho,et al.  A combined golgi and autoradiographic study of (3H)glycine‐accumulating amacrine cells in the cat retina , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[35]  P Sterling,et al.  Microcircuitry of bipolar cells in cat retina , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[36]  S. Sagar NADPH diaphorase histochemistry in the rabbit retina , 1986, Brain Research.

[37]  H. Wässle,et al.  Action and localization of glycine and taurine in the cat retina. , 1985, The Journal of physiology.

[38]  H. Wässle,et al.  Amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer of the cat retina , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[39]  Stephen C. Massey,et al.  Light evoked release of acetylcholine in response to a single flash: cholinergic amacrine cells receive ON and OFF input , 1985, Brain Research.

[40]  H. Karten,et al.  Enkephalin-containing amacrine cells in the avian retina: immunohistochemical localization. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  T. Voigt,et al.  Cholinergic amacrine cells in the rat retina , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[42]  R. Masland,et al.  A system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the rabbit retina , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[43]  T. Millar,et al.  Cholinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina synapse onto other cholinergic amacrine cells , 1987, Neuroscience Letters.

[44]  T. Voigt,et al.  Morphological and immunocytochemical identification of indoleamine- accumulating neurons in the cat retina , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[45]  H. Karten,et al.  Characterization and quantification of peptidergic amacrine cells in the turtle retina: Enkephalin, neurotensin, and glucagon , 1983, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[46]  B. Boycott,et al.  The morphological types of ganglion cells of the domestic cat's retina , 1974, The Journal of physiology.

[47]  S. Sharma,et al.  Substance P-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells and their central axon terminals in the rabbit , 1987, Nature.

[48]  Kamal M. Osman,et al.  Cytochemical identification of cholinergic amacrine cells in cat retina , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[49]  T. Poggio,et al.  A synaptic mechanism possibly underlying directional selectivity to motion , 1978, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[50]  S. Sagar,et al.  Somatostatin-like immunoreactive material in associational ganglion cells of human retina , 1988, Neuroscience.

[51]  H. Wässle,et al.  Cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina contain glutamate decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate immunoreactivity. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  H. Kolb The morphology of the bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[53]  N. Osborne In vitro experiments on the metabolism, uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in bovine retina , 1980, Brain Research.

[54]  S. Yazulla,et al.  Colocalization of GAD‐like immunoreactivity and 3H‐GABA uptake in amacrine cells of rabbit retina , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[55]  V. Perry Evidence for an amacrine cell system in the ganglion cell layer of the rat retina , 1981, Neuroscience.

[56]  H. Wässle,et al.  Number and distribution of putative cholinergic neurons in the cat retina , 1985, Neuroscience Letters.

[57]  A. Hughes,et al.  A newly identified population of presumptive microneurones in the cat retinal ganglion cell layer , 1980, Nature.

[58]  K. Negishi,et al.  Regional density of monoamine-accumulating amacrine cells in the rabbit retina , 1984, Neuroscience Letters.

[59]  R. Masland,et al.  The functions of acetylcholine in the rabbit retina , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[60]  T. Millar,et al.  Cholinergic and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons of the chicken retina , 1985, Neuroscience Letters.

[61]  D. Dacey Dopamine-accumulating retinal neurons revealed by in vitro fluorescence display a unique morphology. , 1988, Science.

[62]  A. Hughes,et al.  The morphology, number, and distribution of a large population of confirmed displaced amacrine cells in the adult cat retina , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[63]  J. Nguyen-legros,et al.  Existence d'une immunoréactivité au GABA dans les cellules amacrines dopaminergiques de la rétine de rat , 1987 .

[64]  Robert F. Miller Are single retinal neurons both excitatory and inhibitory? , 1988, Nature.

[65]  B. Ehinger,et al.  Density of amine accumulating neurons in rabbit and guinea-pig retina. , 1981, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[66]  M. Ariel,et al.  Pharmacological analysis of directionally sensitive rabbit retinal ganglion cells , 1982, The Journal of physiology.

[67]  E. V. Famiglietti,et al.  On and off pathways through amacrine cells in mammalian retina: The synaptic connections of “starburst” amacrine cells , 1983, Vision Research.

[68]  J. Stone,et al.  Morphology of catecholamine-containing amacrine cells in the cat's retina, as seen in retinal whole mounts , 1979, Brain Research.

[69]  R H Masland,et al.  Autoradiographic identification of acetylcholine in the rabbit retina , 1979, The Journal of cell biology.

[70]  H. Young,et al.  GABA-like immunoreactivity in cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina , 1988, Brain Research.

[71]  A. Hughes,et al.  Chapter 9 New perspectives in retinal organisation , 1985 .

[72]  H. Kolb,et al.  Intracellular staining reveals different levels of stratification for on- and off-center ganglion cells in cat retina. , 1978, Journal of neurophysiology.

[73]  Shaun P. Collin,et al.  Dendritic Relationships between Cholinergic Amacrine Cells and Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells , 1989 .

[74]  R. Pourcho,et al.  Neuronal subpopulations in cat retina which accumulate the GABA agonist, (3H)muscimol: A combined Golgi and autoradiographic study , 1983, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[75]  P Sterling,et al.  Rod bipolar array in the cat retina: Pattern of input from rods and GABA‐accumulating amacrine cells , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[76]  J. Caldwell,et al.  Effects of picrotoxin and strychnine on rabbit retinal ganglion cells: lateral interactions for cells with more complex receptive fields. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[77]  C. W. Oyster,et al.  Morphology and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the cat retina. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[78]  E. V. Famiglietti,et al.  Immunocytochemical staining of cholinergic amacrine cells in rabbit retina , 1987, Brain Research.

[79]  S. Sagar,et al.  Somatostatin‐like immunoreactive material in the rabbit retina: Immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[80]  S. Massey,et al.  A tonic gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition of cholinergic amacrine cells in rabbit retina , 1982, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[81]  Elzbieta Wieniawa-Narkiewicz Light and electron microscopic studies of retinal organisation , 1983 .

[82]  E. Famiglietti Starburst amacrine cells in cat retina are associated with bistratified, presumed directionally selective, ganglion cells , 1987, Brain Research.

[83]  O. Rorstad,et al.  Localization, chromatographic characterization, and development of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the guinea pig retina , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[84]  J. Nguyen‐Legros Chapter 5 morphology and distribution of catecholamine-neurons in mammalian retina , 1988 .

[85]  B. Ehinger Connexions between retinal neurons with identified neurotransmitters , 1983, Vision Research.

[86]  E. V. Famiglietti,et al.  ‘Starburst’ amacrine cells and cholinergic neurons: mirror-symmetric ON and OFF amacrine cells of rabbit retina , 1983, Brain Research.

[87]  J. Stone,et al.  Distribution of catecholaminergic cells in the retina of the rat, guinea pig, cat, and rabbit: Independence from ganglion cell distribution , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[88]  R. Pourcho,et al.  Visualization of endogenous glycine in cat retina: an immunocytochemical study with Fab fragments , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[89]  Helga Kolb,et al.  Amacrine cells, bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina: A Golgi study , 1981, Vision Research.

[90]  E. Agardh,et al.  GABA immunoreactivity in the retina. , 1986, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[91]  J. B. Hutchins,et al.  Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. , 1987, Experimental eye research.

[92]  J. Häggendal,et al.  IDENTIFICATION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF THE CATECHOLAMINES IN THE RETINA AND THE CHOROID OF THE RABBIT. , 1965, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[93]  R. Masland,et al.  Local order among the dendrites of an amacrine cell population , 1985, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[94]  Vision: Is there more than meets the eye? , 1991 .

[95]  Richard H. Masland,et al.  The cholinergic amacrine cell , 1986, Trends in Neurosciences.

[96]  W. Stell,et al.  Immunocytochemical localization of putative cholinergic neurons in the goldfish retina , 1984, Neuroscience Letters.

[97]  B. Ehinger Distribution of adrenergic nerves in the eye and some related structures in the cat. , 1966, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[98]  R H Masland,et al.  Acetylcholine-synthesizing amacrine cells: identification and selective staining by using radioautography and fluorescent markers , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[99]  Dominic Man-Kit Lam,et al.  The coexistence of three neuroactive substances in amacrine cells of the chicken retina , 1988, Brain Research.

[100]  H. Thoenen,et al.  Production of specific antisera and monoclonal antibodies to choline acetyltransferase: characterization and use for identification of cholinergic neurons. , 1982, The EMBO journal.

[101]  C. Brandon Retinal GABA neurons: Localization in vertebrate species using an antiserum to rabbit brain glutamate decar☐ylase , 1985, Brain Research.

[102]  T. Poggio,et al.  Retinal ganglion cells: a functional interpretation of dendritic morphology. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[103]  E. A. Schwartz,et al.  Depolarization without calcium can release gamma-aminobutyric acid from a retinal neuron. , 1987, Science.

[104]  S. Sagar,et al.  Somatostatin immunocytochemistry in the rabbit retina. , 1986, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[105]  S. Bloomfield,et al.  Electroanatomy of a unique amacrine cell in the rabbit retina. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  P Sterling,et al.  Accumulation of (3H)glycine by cone bipolar neurons in the cat retina , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[107]  D. M. Lam,et al.  Interactions Between Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Dopamine in the Rabbit Retina: Stimulation of a Common Adenylate Cyclase , 1986, Journal of neurochemistry.

[108]  S. Sagar Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunohistochemistry in the rabbit retina , 1987, Brain Research.

[109]  A. Vigny,et al.  Post-natal development of TH-like immunoreactivity in the rat retina. , 1983, Experimental eye research.

[110]  H. Karten,et al.  Localisation of substance P immunoreactivity in amacrine cells of the retina , 1980, Nature.

[111]  H B Barlow,et al.  Direction-Selective Units in Rabbit Retina: Distribution of Preferred Directions , 1967, Science.

[112]  A. Mariani,et al.  Two types of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive amacrine cell in the rhesus monkey retina , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[113]  P. Sterling Microcircuitry of the cat retina. , 1983, Annual review of neuroscience.

[114]  S. Ellias,et al.  The dendritic varicosity: a mechanism for electrically isolating the dendrites of cat retinal amacrine cells? , 1980, Brain Research.

[115]  N. Daw,et al.  Neuropharmacological analysis of the role of indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells in the rabbit retina , 1988, Visual Neuroscience.

[116]  R. Marc,et al.  (3H) glycine‐accumulating neurons of the human retina , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[117]  B. Ehinger,et al.  Autoradiography of some suspected neurotransmitter substances: GABA glycine, glutamic acid, histamine, dopamine, and L-dopa. , 1971, Brain research.

[118]  H. Kolb,et al.  Chapter 2 Neural architecture of the cat retina , 1984 .

[119]  C. Watt,et al.  The presence of three neuroactive peptides in putative glycinergic amacrine cells of an avian retina , 1985, Brain Research.

[120]  Helga Kolb,et al.  Rod and Cone Pathways in the Inner Plexiform Layer of Cat Retina , 1974, Science.

[121]  J. Cruz,et al.  Mammalian Retina: Associational Nerve Cells in Ganglion Cell Layer , 1965, Science.

[122]  D. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Laminar asymmetry in the distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the retina of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) , 1986, Brain Research.

[123]  D. I. Vaney The morphology and topographic distribution of AII amacrine cells in the cat retina , 1985, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[124]  R. Pourcho Uptake of [3H]glycine and [3H]GABA by amacrine cells in the cat retina , 1980, Brain Research.

[125]  N. Osborne Chapter 3 Indoleamines in the eye with special reference to the serotonergic neurones of the retina , 1984 .

[126]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Localization of glycine‐containing neurons in the Macaca monkey retina , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[127]  S. Sagar,et al.  Immunoreactive somatostatin in the rat retina: Light microscopic immunocytochemistry and chromatographic characterization , 1985, Brain Research.

[128]  D. I. Vaney A quantitative comparison between the ganglion cell populations and axonal outflows of the visual streak and periphery of the rabbit retina , 1980, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[129]  B. Boycott,et al.  Topography of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat , 1978, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[130]  T. Voigt,et al.  Dopaminergic innervation of A II amacrine cells in mammalian retina , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[131]  H. Barlow,et al.  The mechanism of directionally selective units in rabbit's retina. , 1965, The Journal of physiology.

[132]  Helga Kolb,et al.  Dopamine-containing amacrine cells of rhesus monkey retina parallel rods in spatial distribution , 1984, Brain Research.

[133]  A. Mariani Association amacrine cells could mediate directional selectivity in pigeon retina , 1982, Nature.

[134]  R. Pourcho Dopaminergic amacrine cells in the cat retina , 1982, Brain Research.

[135]  R. Weiler,et al.  Co-localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity and 3H-glycine uptake system in sustained amacrine cells of turtle retina , 1984, Nature.

[136]  A. Hughes,et al.  Coronate cells: Displaced amacrines of the rabbit retina? , 1980, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[137]  Heinz Wässle,et al.  Localization of glycine uptake and receptors in the cat retina , 1987, Neuroscience Letters.

[138]  R. Dacheux,et al.  Excitatory dyad synapse in rabbit retina. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[139]  H. Wässle,et al.  Action and localization of acetylcholine in the cat retina. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[140]  S. Yazulla,et al.  GABA-like immunoreactivity in the vertebrate retina: a species comparison. , 1986, Experimental eye research.

[141]  R. Pourcho,et al.  Acetylcholinesterase localization in cat retina: a comparison with choline acetyltransferase. , 1986, Experimental eye research.

[142]  D. I. Vaney Morphological identification of serotonin-accumulating neurons in the living retina. , 1986, Science.

[143]  C. Bader,et al.  Biochemical characterization and cellular localization of the cholinergic system in the chicken retina , 1977, Brain Research.

[144]  H. Karten,et al.  Localization of neuroactive substances in the vertebrate retina: Evidence for lamination in the inner plexiform layer , 1983, Vision Research.

[145]  D. Dacey,et al.  Axon‐bearing amacrine cells of the macaque monkey retina , 1989, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[146]  H. Young,et al.  GABA-like immunoreactivity in NADPH-diaphorase amacrine cells of the rabbit retina , 1988, Brain Research.

[147]  H. J. Wyatt,et al.  Specific effects of neurotransmitter antagonists on ganglion cells in rabbit retina. , 1976, Science.

[148]  S A Bloomfield,et al.  A functional organization of ON and OFF pathways in the rabbit retina , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[149]  J. Mills,et al.  Acetylcholine synthesis by displaced amacrine cells. , 1980, Science.

[150]  R. Nelson,et al.  AII amacrine cells quicken time course of rod signals in the cat retina. , 1982, Journal of neurophysiology.

[151]  B. Boycott,et al.  Organization of the Primate Retina: Light Microscopy , 1969 .

[152]  B. Ehinger,et al.  Immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the retina of some vertebrates , 1983, Neurochemistry International.

[153]  I. Florén,et al.  Investigations into whether 5-hydroxytryptamine is a neurotransmitter in the retina of rabbit and chicken. , 1980, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[154]  E. V. Famiglietti,et al.  Starburst amacrine cells: morphological constancy and systematic variation in the anisotropic field of rabbit retinal neurons , 1985, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[155]  R. Dacheux,et al.  The rod pathway in the rabbit retina: a depolarizing bipolar and amacrine cell , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[156]  J. Dowling,et al.  Organization of vertebrate retinas. , 1970, Investigative ophthalmology.

[157]  T. Voigt,et al.  Analysis of a glycinergic inhibitory pathway in the cat retina , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[158]  Helga Kolb,et al.  A bistratified amacrine cell and synaptic circuitry in the inner plexiform layer of the retina , 1975, Brain Research.

[159]  C. Watt,et al.  Interactions between enkephalin and GABA in avian retina , 1984, Nature.

[160]  R. Pourcho,et al.  Substance P‐like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the cat retina , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[161]  B. Ehinger,et al.  5-Hydroxytryptamine in the retina of some mammals. , 1981, Experimental eye research.

[162]  A Hughes,et al.  Population magnitudes and distribution of the major modal classes of cat retinal ganglion cell as estimated from HRP filling and a systematic survey of the soma diameter spectra for classical neurones , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[163]  P. Sterling,et al.  Architecture of rod and cone circuits to the on-beta ganglion cell , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[164]  M. Dubin,et al.  Non‐uniform postnatal growth of the cat retina , 1984, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[165]  S. Yazulla,et al.  Double-label analysis of GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit retina , 1987, Vision Research.

[166]  Carl B. Watt,et al.  The signature hypothesis: Co-localizations of neuroactive substances as anatomical probes for circuitry analyses , 1985, Vision Research.

[167]  S. Yazulla,et al.  Colocalization of GABA and glycine immunoreactivities in a subset of retinal neurons in tiger salamander , 1988, Neuroscience Letters.

[168]  E. Raviola,et al.  Light and electron microscopic observations on the inner plexiform layer of the rabbit retina. , 1967, The American journal of anatomy.

[169]  F. Amthor,et al.  Morphology of on-off direction-selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina , 1984, Brain Research.

[170]  I. Holmgren-Taylor Electron microscopical observations on the indoleamine‐accumulating neurons and their synaptic connections in the retina of the cat , 1982, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[171]  H. Wässle,et al.  Morphological identification of on- and off-centre brisk transient (Y) cells in the cat retina , 1981, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[172]  H. Young,et al.  The morphology and topographic distribution of substance- P-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the cat retina , 1989, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences.

[173]  D. I. Vaney,et al.  ‘Coronate’ amacrine cells in the rabbit retina have the ‘starburst’ dendritic morphology , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[174]  B. Boycott,et al.  Neurofibrillar long-range amacrine cells in mammalian retinae , 1988, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[175]  C. W. Oyster,et al.  The analysis of image motion by the rabbit retina , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[176]  H. Kolb,et al.  A17: a broad-field amacrine cell in the rod system of the cat retina. , 1985, Journal of neurophysiology.

[177]  R H Masland,et al.  Responses to acetylcholine of ganglion cells in an isolated mammalian retina. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.

[178]  J. E. Vaughn,et al.  Golgi‐impregnated amacrine cells and GABAergic retinal neurons: A comparison of dendritic, immunocytochemical, and histochemical stratification in the inner plexiform layer of rat retina , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[179]  A. Vigny,et al.  Strain differences in the density of dopaminergic cells of the retina in albino rats , 1986, Neuroscience Letters.

[180]  S. R. Y. Cajal La rétine des vertébrés , 1892 .

[181]  Carl D. Johnson,et al.  Monoclonal Antibodies and Polyvalent Antiserum to Chicken Choline Acetyltransferase , 1986, Journal of neurochemistry.

[182]  N. Daw,et al.  Directionally sensitive ganglion cells in the rabbit retina: specificity for stimulus direction, size, and speed. , 1975, Journal of neurophysiology.

[183]  Christopher Brandon,et al.  Cholinergic neurons in the rabbit retina: dendritic branching and ultrastructural connectivity , 1987, Brain Research.

[184]  J. Sandell,et al.  NADPH diaphorase cells in the mammalian inner retina , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[185]  C. K. Mitchell,et al.  Analysis of pre- and postsynaptic factors of the serotonin system in rabbit retina , 1985, The Journal of cell biology.

[186]  Vision: Fireworks in the retina , 1985, Nature.

[187]  S. Yazulla,et al.  Interspecific comparisons of immunohistochemical localization of retinal neurotransmitters in four species of bats. , 1987, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[188]  L. Hersh,et al.  Synaptic organization of cholinergic amacrine cells in the rhesus monkey retina , 1988, The Journal of comparative neurology.