Bio-inspired nitric-oxide-driven nanomotor

Current chemical-fuel-driven nanomotors are driven by gas (e.g. H2, O2, NH3) which only provides motion ability, and can produce waste (e.g. Mg(OH)2, Pt). Here, inspired by endogenous biochemical reactions in the human body involving conversion of amino acid L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS), we report on a nanomotor made of hyperbranched polyamide/L-arginine (HLA). The nanomotor utilizes L-arginine as fuel for the production of NO both as driving force and to provide beneficial effects, including promoting endothelialisation and anticancer effects, along with other beneficial by-products. In addition, the HLA nanomotors are fluorescent and can be used to monitor the movement of nanomotors in vivo in the future. This work presents a zero-waste, self-destroyed and self-imaging nanomotor with potential biological application for the treatment of various diseases in different tissues including blood vessels and tumours.Depletion of propellant in chemical-fuel-driven nanomotors is a limiting factor in device design and application. Here, the authors create a nitric-oxide-generating nanoparticle and explore cellular uptake and application of the nanomotors in nitric oxide treatments.

[1]  B. Kamen,et al.  Receptor-mediated folate accumulation is regulated by the cellular folate content. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  C. Pan,et al.  Fluorescent mannose-functionalized hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s: synthesis and interaction with E. coli. , 2010, Biomacromolecules.

[3]  Yujie Feng,et al.  Biodegradation of polyacrylamide by bacteria isolated from activated sludge and oil-contaminated soil. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[4]  D. Gonbeau,et al.  Systematic XPS studies of metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides , 2000 .

[5]  Wei Wang,et al.  Kilohertz rotation of nanorods propelled by ultrasound, traced by microvortex advection of nanoparticles. , 2014, ACS nano.

[6]  S. Feng,et al.  Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PLA-PEG-PLA) microspheres for controlled release of paclitaxel. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[7]  Qiang He,et al.  Self-Propelled Nanomotors for Thermomechanically Percolating Cell Membranes. , 2018, Angewandte Chemie.

[8]  M. Block,et al.  Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity , 2014 .

[9]  Yi Liu,et al.  Glucose-Responsive Sequential Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide for Synergistic Cancer Starving-Like/Gas Therapy. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[10]  L. A. Lane,et al.  An unusual role of folate in the self-assembly of heparin-folate conjugates into nanoparticles. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[11]  Mark T. Gladwin,et al.  The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics , 2008, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[12]  S. Aaronson,et al.  Implications for Cancer Therapy , 2003 .

[13]  Y. Liu,et al.  Chelating Ability and Microbial Stability of an l-Arginine-Modified Chitosan-Based Environmental Remediation Material , 2018, Journal of Polymers and the Environment.

[14]  Qiang He,et al.  Noncontinuous Super-Diffusive Dynamics of a Light-Activated Nanobottle Motor. , 2018, Angewandte Chemie.

[15]  A. Marcelis,et al.  Simulation of XPS C1s spectra of organic monolayers by quantum chemical methods. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[16]  R. Shirkoohi,et al.  Synthesis of a novel PEGDGA-coated hPAMAM complex as an efficient and biocompatible gene delivery vector: an in vitro and in vivo study , 2016, Drug delivery.

[17]  Brigitte Städler,et al.  Enhanced Diffusion of Glucose-Fueled Janus Particles , 2015 .

[18]  F. Diederich,et al.  Self-assembly, DNA complexation, and pH response of amphiphilic dendrimers for gene transfection. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[19]  Yi Jin,et al.  PAMAM-triamcinolone acetonide conjugate as a nucleus-targeting gene carrier for enhanced transfer activity. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[20]  M. Ganjali,et al.  Modeling of Reactive Blue 19 azo dye removal from colored textile wastewater using L-arginine-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Optimization, reusability, kinetic and equilibrium studies , 2016 .

[21]  Hui Xie,et al.  Shape-Transformable, Fusible Rodlike Swimming Liquid Metal Nanomachine. , 2018, ACS nano.

[22]  C. Price,et al.  Developments in the assessment of glomerular filtration rate. , 2000, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[23]  F. Sánchez-Jiménez,et al.  Role of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis: implications for cancer therapy. , 2000, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[24]  P. Lambin,et al.  Citrulline: a physiologic marker enabling quantitation and monitoring of epithelial radiation-induced small bowel damage. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[25]  Chein‐Chi Chang,et al.  Isolation and identification of the sulphate-reducing bacteria strain H1 and its function for hydrolysed polyacrylamide degradation , 2008 .

[26]  Daniela A Wilson,et al.  Biodegradable Hybrid Stomatocyte Nanomotors for Drug Delivery , 2017, ACS nano.

[27]  R. Jin,et al.  L-Arginine-Triggered Self-Assembly of CeO2 Nanosheaths on Palladium Nanoparticles in Water. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  Mingcheng Yang,et al.  Bubble-Pair Propelled Colloidal Kayaker. , 2018, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Nitric oxide in the central nervous system: neuroprotection versus neurotoxicity , 2007, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[30]  Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez,et al.  Nanorobots Constructed from Nanoclay: Using Nature to Create Self‐Propelled Autonomous Nanomachines , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[31]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Cooperative Multifunctional Self‐Propelled Paramagnetic Microrobots with Chemical Handles for Cell Manipulation and Drug Delivery , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[32]  J. Xiang,et al.  Target-specific cellular uptake of taxol-loaded heparin-PEG-folate nanoparticles. , 2010, Biomacromolecules.

[33]  Sylvain Martel,et al.  Flagellated Magnetotactic Bacteria as Controlled MRI-trackable Propulsion and Steering Systems for Medical Nanorobots Operating in the Human Microvasculature , 2009, Int. J. Robotics Res..

[34]  F. Szoka,et al.  In vitro gene delivery by degraded polyamidoamine dendrimers. , 1996, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[35]  Manoj Manjare,et al.  Bubble driven quasioscillatory translational motion of catalytic micromotors. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[36]  Samuel Sánchez,et al.  Motion Control of Urea-Powered Biocompatible Hollow Microcapsules. , 2016, ACS nano.

[37]  M. Medina‐Sánchez,et al.  Spermatozoa as Functional Components of Robotic Microswimmers , 2017, Advanced materials.

[38]  Chang Ming Li,et al.  Biointerface by Cell Growth on Layered Graphene–Artificial Peroxidase–Protein Nanostructure for In Situ Quantitative Molecular Detection , 2010, Advanced materials.

[39]  John G. Gibbs,et al.  Self-Propelling Nanomotors in the Presence of Strong Brownian Forces , 2014, Nano letters.

[40]  B. Bonavida,et al.  Repeated sub-optimal photodynamic treatments with pheophorbide a induce an epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells via nitric oxide. , 2015, Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry.

[41]  Mariana Medina-Sánchez,et al.  Medical microbots need better imaging and control , 2017, Nature.

[42]  Mingjun Xuan,et al.  Near Infrared Light-Powered Janus Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Motors. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  A. Leshansky,et al.  Highly Efficient Freestyle Magnetic Nanoswimmer. , 2017, Nano letters.